“…As one of the best known second messengers, cAMP transmits the information carried by hormones, neurotransmitters, and other extracellular signals into the intracellular environment (Berthet et al, 1957;Musheshe et al, 2018). As one of the main bronchodilator therapies, β 2 -adrenoceptor agonists augment the anti-inflammatory effects of corticosteroids in obstructive lung diseases (Barnes et al, 2015;Maji et al, 2018;Vogelmeier et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2018). Even though it has been shown that the β 2 -adrenoceptor agonists inhibited cytokine release in vitro (Bosmann et al, 2012;Hallsworth, Twort, Lee, & Hirst, 2001;Poppinga et al, 2015), evidence for their anti-inflammatory properties in vivo is still lacking (Giembycz & Maurice, 2014;Giembycz & Newton, 2006).…”