Prevalence and role of antithrombin III, protein C and protein S deficiencies and activated protein C resistance in Kosovo women with recurrent pregnancy loss during the first trimester of pregnancy

Abstract

CONTEXT:Several studies have reported that thrombophilia is responsible for recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL).AIMS:The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and role of inherited thrombophilia in early pregnancy loss, specifically in the first trimester.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A total of 104 women (patients) with a history of two or more miscarriages during the first trimester of pregnancy and 110 women (controls) who had experienced two or more births without a miscarriage were included in this study. In both groups, we determined the biological activities of antithrombin III (ATIII) and protein C (PC) using the chromogenic method and the biological activity of protein S (PS) and the activated protein C resistance (APCR) were examined using a clotting method.RESULTS:In the patient group, deficiencies of ATIII, PC, and PS were detected in 3 (2.88%), 4 (3.85%), and 6 (5.77%) cases, respectively. In the control group, ATIII (0%) deficiencies were not detected, and deficiencies for PC (0.9%) and PS (0.9%) were each detected in 1 patient. APCR was detected in 9 patients (8.65%) and 4 control subjects (3.63%).CONCLUSION:Based on our results, we can conclude that thrombophilia is a causal factor for miscarriages in the first trimester of pregnancy, although there are the conflicting data in the literature.

Knockdown of serpin peptidase inhibitor clade C member�1 inhibits the growth of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells

“…The SERPINC1 gene encodes ATIII, a serine protease inhibitor involved in coagulation cascades (18). The main roles of ATIII have been associated with the regulation of coagulation and hemostasis, and the induction of anti-inflammatory processes (35). A previous study reported that the activity of ATIII in the serum of patients with renal and bladder cancer was significantly increased compared with in healthy individuals (23).…”

Expression and Diagnostic Value of Serum Protein Z, Protein Z-dependent Protease Inhibitor and Coagulation-related Indicators in Foetal Growth Restriction.

“…Normal pregnancy is associated with a complicated of haematological variations, resulting in a hypercoagulable state [26] . PC, PS, and ATIII are three vitamin K-dependent anticoagulant proteins that are key roles in the coagulation regulation [27] . A previous study showed that PS was signi cantly decreased during pregnancy, ATIII was slightly decreased, but the PC expression was largely variated [28] .…”

Assessment of Protein C and Protein S of Pregnancy Loss Victims

“…Several studies have reported a positive correlation between RPL and heritable thrombotic states [14,15]. However the existence of conflicting data in literature regarding any association between miscarriage on one hand and Protein C as well as Protein S on the other hand is acknowledged [10]. In their work, [10] found that Protein C and Protein S are causal factors for miscarriage.…”

“…However the existence of conflicting data in literature regarding any association between miscarriage on one hand and Protein C as well as Protein S on the other hand is acknowledged [10]. In their work, [10] found that Protein C and Protein S are causal factors for miscarriage. In contrast with our work, [18], found a higher frequency of Protein S deficiency in patients with RPL compared with controls but found that the frequency of Protein C was not significantly different between patients with RPL and healthy women.…”

“…Women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) are in a procoagulant state even when they are not pregnant [9]. This thrombophilic state has been linked to pregnancy loss [10]. In this study we investigated the relationship between pregnancy loss and deficiencies of both Protein C and Protein S amongst women in Abia State, Nigeria.…”