Prevalence and Therapies of Antibiotic-Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

Infectious diseases are the second most important cause of human death worldwide; Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a very common human pathogenic microorganism that can trigger a variety of infectious diseases, such as skin and soft tissue infections, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, bacteremia, and lethal pneumonia. Moreover, according to the sensitivity to antibiotic drugs, S. aureus can be divided into methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In recent decades, due to the evolution of bacteria and the abuse of antibiotics, the drug resistance of S. aureus has gradually increased, the infection rate of MRSA has increased worldwide, and the clinical anti-infective treatment for MRSA has become more difficult. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the resistance mechanisms of S. aureus are very complex, especially for MRSA, which is resistant to many kinds of antibiotics. Therefore, understanding the drug resistance of MRSA in a timely manner and elucidating its drug resistance mechanism at the molecular level are of great significance for the treatment of S. aureus infection. A large number of researchers believe that analyzing the molecular characteristics of S. aureus can help provide a basis for designing effective prevention and treatment measures against hospital infections caused by S. aureus and further monitor the evolution of S. aureus. This paper reviews the research status of MSSA and MRSA, the detailed mechanisms of the intrinsic antibiotic resistance and the acquired antibiotic resistance, the advanced research on anti-MRSA antibiotics and novel therapeutic strategies for MRSA treatment.

Naturally-Occurring Alkaloids of Plant Origin as Potential Antimicrobials against Antibiotic-Resistant Infections

“…A very recent example of a pandemic threat is represented by infections caused by Gram-positive methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains and vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE). The first case of MRSA was identified in the early 60s and currently this infection appears at high incidence in Europe, Asia and America [4]. In the latter, MRSA infections provoke more deaths annually than AIDS, emphysema and homicides [5].…”

Nanographene oxide‐calcium phosphate to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus infection and support stem cells for bone tissue engineering

“…In bone and soft tissue infections such as osteomyelitis, S. aureus is the most prevalent pathogen that causes osteomyelitis. Osteomyelitis causes a considerable economic burden and decreases the quality of life of millions of patients (Guo, Song, Sun, Wang and Wang, 2020; Maffulli et al, 2016). The main etiological mechanism for osteomyelitis involves the formation of sequestrum which is derived from necrotic bone tissue, inflammatory factors, and pathogens particularly in chronic infections.…”

Nasal Carriage and Methicillin Resistance of Staphylococcus Aureus Among Schoolchildren in Sana’a City, Yemen

“…MRSA carriers are predisposed to skin infections, wound infections, bone and joint infection, pneumonia, septicemia, endocarditis and occasionally toxic shock syndrome. Infections from either hospital-acquired or community-acquired MRSA have posed a substantial challenge [8][9][10] .…”