Prevalence, comorbidity and stability of post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety and depression symptoms after exposure to physical assault: An 8-year prospective longitudinal study

Johansen, Venke A.; Eilertsen, Dag Erik; Nordanger, Dag; Weisæth, Lars

doi:10.3109/08039488.2012.732112

Cited by 27 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 53 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In previous articles examining the present sample, the prevalence of probable PTSD was 31% 1 year after a violent assault (Johansen et al, 2007) and 19% after 8 years (Johansen et al, 2013). While many PTSD risk factors (e.g., type and severity of trauma, being female, low socioeconomic status and pre-trauma mental health problems) are well documented (Norris et al, 2002; Ozer et al, 2003), less is known about protective factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…The GSE scale is a 10-item self-report scale with adequate psychometric properties (Schwarzer, 1993; Leganger et al, 2000; Johansen et al, 2013). The GSE scale assesses the respondent’s belief in his or her ability to adequately respond to novel or difficult situations and to cope with a large variety of stressors, and is scored on a 4-point scale from 1 (not at all true) to 4 (exactly true).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such a long period is essential because assault victims may experience posttraumatic stress symptoms for an extended period of time (Shalev, 2001; Marshall et al, 2010; Johansen et al, 2013). We hypothesized that higher self-efficacy would promote recovery and be related to the reduced severity of subsequent posttraumatic stress symptoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Longitudinal Relationship between Self-efficacy and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms 8 Years after a Violent Assault: An Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Model

et al. 2017

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Self-efficacy is assumed to promote posttraumatic adaption, and several cross-sectional studies support this notion. However, there is a lack of prospective longitudinal studies to further illuminate the temporal relationship between self-efficacy and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Thus, an important unresolved research question is whether posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms affect the level of self-efficacy or vice versa or whether they mutually influence each other. The present prospective longitudinal study investigated the reciprocal relationship between general self-efficacy (GSE) and posttraumatic stress symptoms in 143 physical assault victims. We used an autoregressive cross-lagged model across four assessment waves: within 4 months after the assault (T1) and then 3 months (T2), 12 months (T3) and 8 years (T4) after the first assessment. Stress symptoms at T1 and T2 predicted subsequent self-efficacy, while self-efficacy at T1 and T2 was not related to subsequent stress symptoms. These relationships were reversed after T3; higher levels of self-efficacy at T3 predicted lower levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms at T4, while posttraumatic tress symptoms at T3 did not predict self-efficacy at T4. In conclusion, posttraumatic stress symptoms may have a deteriorating effect on self-efficacy in the early phase after physical assault, whereas self-efficacy may promote recovery from posttraumatic stress symptoms over the long term.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Longitudinal Relationship between Self-efficacy and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms 8 Years after a Violent Assault: An Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Model

et al. 2017

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Once fully established, PTSD often follows a chronic, unremitting course. 57,58 Even those with only partial symptoms have increased comorbidity, [59][60][61] physical and mental impairment, 62 and develop suicidal ideations. [63][64][65] The incidences of have reported high incidences of PTSD among non-war trauma subjects.…”

Section: 3739mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[85][86][87][88][89][90][91] In addition, patients with PTSD and major psychiatric disorders suffers from a variety of other disabilities. 59,92,93 Functional impairment in subthreshold PTSD might be explained by the presence of disorders, as observed in dysthymia. 94,95 The identification of underlying susceptibility factor(s) may allow not only avoiding them getting exposure but also targeting of preventive intervention for individuals at high risk for PTSD.…”

Section: 3739mentioning

confidence: 99%

Causes and Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Importance of Right Diagnosis and Treatment

Wimalawansa¹

2013

Asian J Med Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious debilitating syndrome with significant personal, social, and economic consequences. People with PTSD experience one or more major symptoms that include flashbacks and paranoia, difficulty in interpersonal relationships, and problems engaging in work and activities of daily living. In severe cases they can harm themselves or the others; but these events are preventable by appropriate therapies.PTSD is a well-characterized serious psychological and behavioural abnormality that occurs after exposure to one or more acute severe stressful events. It often occurs among soldiers returning from battlefields and the civilian victims of war. However, it also occurs in non-war situations, such as terrorist attacks or serious accidents; sexual abuse, rape, or other violent acts; and school or workplace bullying, harassment, or retaliation. Nevertheless, the diagnosis of PTSD is made too infrequently, particularly in the post-conflict periods in developing countries. This is in part because of inadequate awareness but also due to limited resources and expertise.Consequently, the resources for clinical care and research are diverted to other forms of behavioral issues, such as adjustment disorders. The treatment of PTSD needs to be well coordinated so that all stakeholders work synergistically using the resources necessary for the prolonged treatment and follow-ups. PTSD is underdiagnosed, and even misdiagnosed or mislabeled as depression or adjustment disorders. The failure to make a timely diagnosis or mislabeling of PTSD likely will harm victims and their families and may lead to negative outcomes, including suicide. The provision of appropriate, well organized, individualized, cost-effective treatment plans should alleviate PTSD symptoms and enable those with the disorder to return to their normal productive lives.

show abstract

For Whom Does Time Heal Wounds? Individual Differences in Stability and Change in Posttraumatic Stress After the 2011 Oslo Bombing

Birkeland

Hansen

Blix

et al. 2017

Journal of Traumatic Stress

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Prospective studies describing and predicting individual differences in the course of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) after disasters are scarce. The present study aimed to describe and predict individual differences in both the level and the rate of change in PTSS after the 2011 Oslo bombing, a terrorist attack directed at the Norwegian government. Survey data from ministerial employees (N = 256) were collected 10, 22, and 34 months after the bombing. We used latent growth modeling to examine the development of PTSS, and to identify the strength of predictor variables. High exposure, female sex, and high levels of neuroticism were associated with higher levels of PTSS 10 months after the traumatic event (β ranged from .25 to .30, p < .001), whereas social support was associated with lower levels of PTSS (β = -.30, p < .001). The combination of being female and high in neuroticism was associated with a faster decline in PTSS (β range: -.20 to -.39, p = .010 < .05). High exposure seemed to have a lasting influence by maintaining high levels of PTSS. Our findings suggested that being female, being highly exposed, and having low levels of social support were risk markers for enduring PTSS.

show abstract

Prevalence, comorbidity and stability of post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety and depression symptoms after exposure to physical assault: An 8-year prospective longitudinal study

Abstract: The consequences of exposure to physical assault by strangers need to be given more attention as a severe risk of chronic mental health problems.

Cited by 27 publications

References 53 publications

Longitudinal Relationship between Self-efficacy and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms 8 Years after a Violent Assault: An Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Model

Longitudinal Relationship between Self-efficacy and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms 8 Years after a Violent Assault: An Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Model

Causes and Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Importance of Right Diagnosis and Treatment

For Whom Does Time Heal Wounds? Individual Differences in Stability and Change in Posttraumatic Stress After the 2011 Oslo Bombing

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About