Prevalence of Aflatoxin B1 Contamination in Pre- and Post-Harvest Maize Kernels, Food Products, Poultry and Livestock Feeds in Tamil Nadu, India

Vijayasamundeeswari, Ayyathurai; Mohankumar, M.; Karthikeyan, M.; Selvaraj, Vijayanandraj; Paranidharan, V.; Velazhahan, R.

doi:10.2478/v10045-009-0033-1

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This indicates that the Bhutanese population is exposed to the carcinogenic toxins that are present in the daily diet. Similar studies performed in Thailand reported an occurrence of 38.9% 26 ; 27.1%, in Zhejiang Province, China 27 ; 24.3%, in Vietnam 28 ; 78.0%, in Nepal 29 ; and 61.3%, in India 30 . The presence of these aflatoxins is inevitable, as factors such as changes in temperature and water availability related to actual climate changes (increased temperature, heavy rainfalls and droughts) all modulate mold growth and the production of mycotoxins 31 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

The occurrence and human health risk assessment of total and aflatoxin B1 in selected food commodities in Bhutan

Monger,

Mongar,

Dorji

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Aflatoxins are mycotoxins that contaminate staple foods globally and pose a significant health risk. To the best of our knowledge, information on the occurrence of aflatoxins in Bhutanese diets is scarce. This study aimed to estimate the aflatoxin levels in selected foodstuffs in Bhutan and determine the health risk associated with aflatoxin exposure. Ten different types of food commodities were randomly collected from farmers’ markets, shelves of supermarkets, and wholesale and retail shops from 20 districts of the country. The samples were subjected to analysis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for both total aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) and aflatoxin B1. Among the 315 samples included, 48.81% and 79.35% were positive for total aflatoxins and aflatoxin B1, respectively. The overall mean total aflatoxin concentration was 11.49 ± 12.83 µg/kg, and that for B1 was 17.62 ± 23.99 µg/kg. The most prevalent food commodity with the highest aflatoxin contamination was chili products. In addition, the estimated daily intake and margin of exposure to aflatoxin B1 via the consumption of chili products ranged from 0.98 to 5.34 ng kg−1 bw day−1 and from 74.90 to 408.10, indicating a risk for public health. The liver cancer risk was estimated to be 0.01 and 0.007 cancers per year per 100,000 population resulting from the consumption of chili products. The present findings revealed the presence of total aflatoxins and aflatoxin B1 in the selected samples. The margin of exposure values was exorbitant, demanding a stringent public health measure. Notably, these results suggest the need for routine monitoring of aflatoxin contamination in the region and stress rigorous safety management strategies to reduce exposure.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

The occurrence and human health risk assessment of total and aflatoxin B1 in selected food commodities in Bhutan

Monger,

Mongar,

Dorji

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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“…The primary and major disease associated with aflatoxin consumption is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or liver cancer [22] . Aflatoxin B1 is found widely and in greater concentrations than other naturally occurring forms of AF throughout the world in foods such as maize, peanuts and peanut products, cottonseed and its extractions, and to some extent, chillies, peppers, and pistachionuts [23] . It is, contaminate both, animal and human feed, particularly by intermediate cereals.…”

Section: Aflatoxicosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on impacts of aflatoxicosis in human and animal health in Ethiopia

Shibabaw¹,

Melaku²,

Kefale³

2023

Acta Entomol. Zool.

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The objectives of the paper are to review about effect of aflatoxicosis on animal and human health, its economic significant, and to point out the control and prevention strategies. Aflatoxins are a group of related fungal secondary metabolites; primarily produced by the fungi, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The production of aflatoxins within the fungus depends on the substrate and the particular enzymes and other environmental factors. Hence, the extent of contamination by aflatoxins varies according to geographic location and storage condition of crops and more importantly processing of food materials under favourable temperature and humidity conditions. The four major types of aflatoxin are aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), AFB2, AFG1andAFG2.Of these, AFB1is the most prevalent form and also the most potent of these toxins. The toxicity and potency of aflatoxins make them the primary health hazard as well as responsible for losses associated with contaminations of processed foods and feeds. Aflatoxicosis have a greatest negative impact, in animal and human health. The toxicity may range from acute sickness or death to chronic problems. They can induce stunted growth in young and fertility reduction in adults. Aflatoxins can also undermine child nutrition and development. They are carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and immunosuppressive in most mammalian sp ecies. The economic impact of aflatoxins derives directly from crop and livestock losses as well as indirectly from the cost of regulatory programs designed to reduce risks to animal and human health. Ethiopia is considered to provide a favourable situation, for the proliferation of aflatoxigenic fungi. Aflatoxin exposure can be reduced by proper pre-harvesting, drying and post-harvest sorting in a controlled environment. Hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) protocol to identify the source of intoxication and overcome the hazard conditions should be adopted.

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“…In total, there were 405 recorded locations of aflatoxin outbreaks, with 151 locations in Asia, 150 locations in Africa, 87 locations in America, 12 locations in Italy, Europe, and 5 locations in Australia. Specifically, the locations of aflatoxin data were retrieved from the following academic papers: Kenya (Collins et al 2010;Lewis et al 2005;Mutegi et al 2012); Zambia (Kachapulula et al 2017); Ghana (Agbetiameh et al 2018); Ethiopia (Chala et al 2013;Chauhan et al 2016); Mali (Waliyar et al 2015); Democratic Republic of Congo (Kamika and Takoy 2011;Kamika and Tekere 2016); Malawi (Waliyar et al 2013); Nigeria (Bankole and Mabekoje 2004); Tanzania (Seetha et al 2017); Benin (Setamou et al 1997); Uganda (Kaaya et al 2006); the Philippines (Arim 2000;Arim 2003;Quitco 1991;Yamashita et al 1995); Indonesia (Ali et al 1998;Rahayu et al 2003;Yamashita et al 1995); Thailand (Siriacha et al 1988;Yamashita et al 1995); India (Kishore et al 2002;Sharma and Parisi 2017;Shinha 1990;Vijayasamundeeswari et al 2009); China (Daren 1989;Li et al 2001;Wu et al 2016;Zhang et al 2011); the USA (Horn et al 1995;Pettit et al 1971); Brazil (Atayde et al 2012;Gonçalez et al 2008;Moreno et al 200...…”

Section: 3global Geographic Distributions Of Aflatoxinmentioning

confidence: 99%

The climate-induced alteration of future geographic distribution of aflatoxin in peanut crops and its adaptation options

Haerani

Apan

Basnet

2020

Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change

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Because of its negative effect on health, aflatoxin has become one of the most important mycotoxins in the world. As climate stress is one of the main triggers of aflatoxin incidence, climate change could affect its geographic distribution. The primary aim of this study was to examine the effect of climate change on the future distribution of aflatoxin in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L) crops in Australia. The projected distributions in 2030, 2050, 2070, and 2100 were modelled by employing CLIMEX (CLIMatic indEX) model using two Global Climate Models (GCMs), i.e. CSIRO-Mk3.0 and MIROC-H based on SRES A2 and SRES A1B climate scenarios. This study has successfully developed CLIMEX model parameters for aflatoxin, and confirmed the climatic zones preference of aflatoxin incidence, as concluded by other studies. Therefore, the model parameters are applicable in all parts of the world. The projection results in Australia confirm that climate change affects the future distribution of aflatoxin, including the distribution in the current peanut growing areas. Shifts in aflatoxin invasion areas from the tropical and subtropical climate zones of the eastern part of Australia to the temperate climate zones of the south-eastern and south-western parts of the country were projected by 2100. Thus, adaptation and mitigation measures are needed to overcome the negative impacts in the future. Options for these measures include relocation of planting areas, development of host-plant resistance, proper agricultural practices, and mitigation actions by using physical, chemical, and biological approaches.

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Prevalence of Aflatoxin B1 Contamination in Pre- and Post-Harvest Maize Kernels, Food Products, Poultry and Livestock Feeds in Tamil Nadu, India

Cited by 11 publications

References 15 publications

The occurrence and human health risk assessment of total and aflatoxin B1 in selected food commodities in Bhutan

The occurrence and human health risk assessment of total and aflatoxin B1 in selected food commodities in Bhutan

Review on impacts of aflatoxicosis in human and animal health in Ethiopia

The climate-induced alteration of future geographic distribution of aflatoxin in peanut crops and its adaptation options

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