Prevalence of and risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in the West of Iran: a population-based cross-sectional study

Abstract

BackgroundSeveral reports designate the recent increase in community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) nasal carriage. Because of the scanty information regarding the nasal carriage sate of MRSA in the west of Iran, the purpose of the present study was to determine the frequency of CA-MRSA in Sanandaj city.MethodsSwabs collected from anterior nares of 600 volunteers were analyzed for the presence of S. aureus. The isolates were further investigated for methicillin resistance by using the cefoxitin disk diffusion test, followed by PCR-amplification of the mecA gene. SCCmec types and the presence of the Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (pvl) encoding genes were determined through PCR. Finally, the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was determined by the agar diffusion method.ResultsNasal screening identified 181 S. aureus, of which 55 isolates were MRSA. SCCmec types IV and V were detected in MRSA at frequencies of 80 and 20%, respectively. The overall frequency of pvl genes among the MRSA isolates was 14.54%. MRSA isolates were highly susceptible (98.18%) to mupirocin, gentamicin, and fusidic acid.ConclusionsThe high prevalence of CA-MRSA carriage in the population could pose a serious public health concern for the region. Additionally, advent of drug-resistant pvl-positive strains demands continuous surveillance on the colonization state of CA-MRSA in order to prevent dissemination of the bacterium in the community.

Detection of Methicillin Susceptible and Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Its Antibiotic Sensitivity among Basic and Clinical Years Medical Students

“…In our study, for MRSA, lower resistance rates for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin were found compared to other studies in different countries, while the resistance to fusidic acid and mupirocin was comparable [ 24 , 25 , 26 ]. Variability in resistance to some antibiotics is expected and might be explained by factors such as the presence of variable phylogenetic strains, difference in factors present in each study population and different exclusion criteria used by each study, such as recent hospital admission or antibiotic use.…”

What is the most cost‐effective strategy for nasal screening and Staphylococcus aureus decolonization in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty?

“…First, the study population included few patients with extremely high risk such as age > 90 years, poorly controlled diabetes, currently undergoing dialysis, and those with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Second, the study had a retrospective design, which means that there was no information available on whether there was a recent history of parenteral antibiotic therapy [ 30 ], homosexual activity [ 31 ], a recent stay in a nursing home or emergency ward, living with a health care worker, or being a health care worker [ 32 ], all of which are putative risk factors for nasal carriage. Third, we attempted to identify risk factors for nasal bacterial carriage in a Japanese population, but different results might be obtained elsewhere.…”

Bovine subclinical mastitis-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, selective genotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the isolates in Kurdistan province of Iran

“…Therefore, it is highly recommended to determine the clonal lineage of the isolates, using multi locus sequence typing (MLST), in upcoming studies to accurately evaluate if these isolates are belonging to a CA-MRSA or LA-MRSA genotype. The mountainous subtropical climate of Kurdistan province of Iran is assumed as a risk factor which may influence the higher prevalence of pvl gene in the region ( 28 ). Meanwhile, because of the possible transmission of the gene through transduction from MSSA to MRSA strains, screening of MSSA isolates for pvl is highly recommended ( 2 ).…”