Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease and Associated Risk Factors among Adult Population in the Gulf Region: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background. CVD is a principal cause of mortality and disability globally.Objective. To analyse the epidemiological data on CHD, strokes, and the associated risk factors among adult population in the Gulf countries.Methods. A systematic review of published articles between 1990 and 2014 was conducted.Results. The analysis included 62 relevant studies. The prevalence of CHD was reported to be 5.5% in Saudi Arabia. The annual incidence of strokes ranged from 27.6 to 57 per 100 000 in the Gulf countries with ischaemic stroke being the most common subtype and hypertension and diabetes being the most common risk factors among stroke and ACS patients. The prevalence of overweight and obesity ranged from 31.2% to 43.3% and 22% to 34.1% in males and from 28% to 34.3% and 26.1% to 44% in females, respectively. In males, the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes ranged from 26.0% to 50.7% and 9.3% to 46.8%, respectively; in females these ranged from 20.9% to 57.2% and 6% to 53.2%, respectively. The prevalence of inactivity was from 24.3% to 93.9% and 56.7% to 98.1% in males and females, respectively. Relatively more males (13.4% to 37.4%) than females (0.5% to 20.7%) were current smokers. Available data indicate poor dietary habits with high consumption of snacks, fatty foods, sugar, and fast food.Conclusion. Effective preventative strategies and education programs are crucial in the Gulf region to reduce the risk of CVD mortality and morbidity in the coming years.

Prevalence of coronary artery disease in a semi urban population in Southern Sri Lanka

“…This is similar to results published by The American Heart Association and other studies [4][5][6]. However, one study reported higher rates of CAD in females [6].…”

“…Aljefree and Ahemed reported that the prevalence of cardio vascular diseases (CVD) in Saudi Arabia is 5.5% and hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, smoking and poor dietary habits were risk factors for the CVD in the Gulf region [5]. Sarvotham [6].…”

Creatine Kinase-Mb; Comparison of Creatine Kinase-Mb in Male and Femnale Acute Myocardial Infarct Patients Before and After the Treatment

“…Clinically, measurement of the level(s) of one or more specific cardiac biomarkers is used to determine the extent of myocardial damage and to assess a patient's prognosis. Historically, creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB, CK mass, and lactate dehydrogenase have 2 been used for routine clinical management. 5 Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) is found mostly in heart muscles.…”

Synthesis and Antihypertensive Activity of Some Novel Pyridazinones

“…It is also considered as the major cause of death in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [2][3][4] .According to the literature [2][3][4] , the burden of hypertension remained very high in KSA from 1990 to 2010; the number of deaths resulting from ischemic heart disease and hypertensive heart disease in the Middle East and North Africa region (including the GCC countries) is estimated to be 294/100,000 and 115/100,000 respectively; and the number of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) resulting from ischemic and hypertensive heart disease is 3702/100,000 and 1389/100,000, respectively, in the same region. These studies further state that KSA has a young population with 81% of the population under the age of 40 and life expectancy has increased from 72.5 and 76.3 years in 1990 to 75.0 and 79.9 years in 2010 for men and women, respectively.…”