Prevalence of Childhood Depression: Results of the First Study in Spain

Abstract

Prevalence of depressive disorders was studied in 6432 children aged 8-11 years, selected by exhaustive random sampling in four Spanish cities and two rural areas. The number of non-participants was 38 (0.6%). Selection was by a two-stage procedure. At stage I, the Children's Depression Inventory was used to identify a sample for more intensive interviewing. At stage II, children were individually evaluated using a semi-structured interview, the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R). CDRS-R and DSM-III diagnostic criteria were used to define caseness. 1.8% of children met the criteria for major depression, with a further 6.4% being diagnosed as having dysthymic disorder.

Environmental stress but not subjective distress in children or adolescents with alopecia areata

“…This is a 27-item self-rated questionnaire [26], with a validated version for Spain [27]. Its total score can be dichotomised using a cutoff of ≥18 (presence of depressive disorder).…”

Children with Symptoms of Depression—What Do the Adults See?

“…The self-report could then be used as a basis for starting discussion with the parents about the problems expressed by the child. The direct assessment of the child is not only useful in studying the frequency of depressive symptoms and disturbances as suggested in earlier studies Polaino-Lorente & Domenech, 1993), but could be used as a tool for intervention.…”

“…However, concerning the onset and duration of symptoms the capacity of children under 10 or 12 years to report them reliably is limited (Kovacs, 1986). The recent studies on childhood depression conclude that children should be asked about depressive symptoms and that they give reliable and valid information (Angold et al, 1987 ;Barrett et al, 1991 ;Polaino-Lorente & Domenech, 1993).…”

Reciprocal associations between job strain and depression: A 2‐year follow‐up study from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe

“…According to the statistics of World Health Organization (WHO), 350 million people are expected to suffer from depression worldwide in 2030 and it will emerge as a major contributor to the global burden of disease (WHO, 2017). A wide range of depression prevalence has been reported across age groups from 1.8% of children aged 8-11 years to 27% of population aged over 60 years (Castro-Costa et al, 2008;Polainolorente & Domènech, 1993). The prevalence figures also differed in countries, from 5%-7% in Japan to 31% in the USA (Blackmore et al, 2007;Heim, Wegmann, & Maercker, 2017), with European countries in the middle, for example, Hungary (7.1%), Austria (7.6%), Romania (7.6%), Estonia (7.9%), Ireland (8.5%), Spain (8.6%), Italy (9.2%), Slovenia (11.4%), Germany (12.9%), and France (15.4%) (Aichberger et al, 2010;Balazs et al, 2012;Narayanan, Potthoff, & Guether, 2009).…”