Prevalence of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease and other dementing disorders

Rocca, Walter A.; Bonaiuto, S.; Lippi, Andréa; Luciani, P; F, Turtù; Cavarzeran, Fabiano; Amaducci, L.

doi:10.1212/wnl.40.4.626

Cited by 251 publications

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“…There are other studies which showed a similar trend, wherein a higher prevalence of dementia was seen in less educated populations (18)(19)(20).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Cognitive impairment among institutionalized elderly individuals in Mysore, South India

Shatananda¹,

Leister²,

Annigeri³

et al. 2014

Sri Lanka J. Psyc.

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IntroductionIdentifying cognitive impairment in the elderly at an early stage has attained greater momentum in view of the increasing aged population in India. Different tools which are simple to administer as well as complex neuropsychological tests are available for assessment. RUDAS has been found to be useful in different contexts. Method A sample of 62 persons (29-men and 33-women) above the age of 60 was administered RUDAS and 31 of them had a score of ≥ 23 and an equal number had scores below the cut off score. Results It was found that the total score as well as the sub score of visuo-constructional drawing of RUDAS were correlated with number of years of schooling. Conclusion RUDAS may be used as an effective tool to identify the persons with cognitive impairment at an early age. SL J Psychiatry 2013; 4 (2):25-28

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“…There are other studies which showed a similar trend, wherein a higher prevalence of dementia was seen in less educated populations (18)(19)(20).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Cognitive impairment among institutionalized elderly individuals in Mysore, South India

Shatananda¹,

Leister²,

Annigeri³

et al. 2014

Sri Lanka J. Psyc.

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“…Premorbid IQ and vocabulary have proven to be strong proxies for CR, in that they are associated with slower rates of cognitive decline in normal aging and reduced risk of developing dementia (e.g., S. M. Albert & Teresi, 1999;Alexander et al, 1997;Corral, Rodríguez, Amenedo, Sánchez, & Díaz, 2006; Solé-Padullés et al, 2007). Similarly, education has been shown to impart reserve over an individual's lifetime (Evans et al, 1993;Mortel, Meyer, Herod, & Thornby, 1995; Rocca et al, 1990;Stern et al, 1994), and individuals with higher levels of education demonstrate slower cognitive and functional decline during normal aging (M. S. Albert et al, 1995;Butler, Ashford, & Snowdon, 1996;Chodosh, Reuben, Albert, & Seeman, 2002;Christensen et al, 1997;Colsher & Wallace, 1991;Farmer, Kittner, Rae, Bartko, & Regier, 1995;Lyketsos, Chen, & Anthony, 1999;Snowdon, Ostwald, & Kane, 1989). Moreover, we have successfully used IQ, vocabulary, and education as proxies for CR in previous behavioral and neuroimaging studies (e.g., Habeck et al, 2005;Scarmeas et al, 2004;Stern et al, 2005Stern et al, , 2008.…”

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

The response-signal method reveals age-related changes in object working memory.

Kumar¹,

Rakitin²,

Nambisan³

et al. 2008

Psychology and Aging

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Sixteen healthy young adults (ages 18-32) and 16 healthy older adults (ages 67-81) completed a delayed response task in which they saw the following visual sequence: memory stimuli (2 abstract shapes; 3,000 ms), a blank delay (5,000 ms), a probe stimulus of variable duration (one abstract shape; 125, 250, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 ms), and a mask (500 ms). Subjects decided whether the probe stimulus matched either of the memory stimuli; they were instructed to respond during the mask, placing greater emphasis on speed than accuracy. The authors used D. L. Hintzman & T. 3-parameter compound bounded exponential model of speed-accuracy tradeoff to describe changes in discriminability associated with total processing time. Group-level analysis revealed a higher rate parameter and a higher asymptote parameter for the young adult group, but no difference across groups in x-intercept. Proxy measures of cognitive reserve (Y. Stern et al., 2005) predicted the rate parameter value, particularly in older adults. Results suggest that in working memory, aging impairs both the maximum capacity for discriminability and the rate of information accumulation, but not the temporal threshold for discriminability. Keywords working memory; aging; speed-accuracy tradeoff; cognitive reserve Healthy aging impairs human memory in general and working memory in particular (Grady & Craik, 2000). The present study seeks to characterize the specific attributes of working memory (WM) that deteriorate with age. In a delayed-response task, we used the responsesignal method to compare the tradeoff between processing time and recognition memory discriminability in young and older adults.Working memory suffers an age-related loss of both efficiency (Salthouse & Babcock, 1991) and capacity (Zacks & Hasher, 1993). Previous aging literature has extrapolated from simple measures of task performance to theorize about these broader elements of WM. Efficiency is often measured by reaction time (e.g., Anders, Fozard, & Lillyquist, 1972;Salthouse, 1992), and capacity is often described by the number of items remembered (e.g., Holtzer, Stern, & Rakitin, 2004;Oberauer, 2001). In the present study, we mathematically modeled subjects' NIH Public Access NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript task performance to derive quantitative measures of WM retrieval dynamics. These measures characterize broad components of WM and are more directly related to the ideas of efficiency and capacity than simpler measures like reaction time. Our methodology also helps relate theories of WM and aging to the notion of individual differences in reserve against memory loss. Below, we discuss models of WM and how our experimental paradigm relates to these models and to cognitive reserve.WM consists of three distinct processes: encoding, rehearsal, and retrieval (Awh et al., 1996;Jonides, Lacey, & Nee, 2005). Neuroimaging studies have revealed differences between the neural substrates of these processes (e.g., J. R. Anderson, Qin, Jung, & Carte...

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“…Regional demographics also will affect the percentage of Alzheimer's cases found in each state. Indeed there appears to be a higher prevalence in rural areas [6] and among those with less education [7,8]. It is this particular subset of DAT patients that often results in search and rescue incidents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral profile of possible Alzheimer's disease patients in Virginia search and rescue incidents

Koester¹,

Stooksbury²

1995

Wilderness & Environmental Medicine

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We performed a retrospective study of the behavior of lost Dementia of Alzheimer's Type (DAT) patients who became the subjects of organized Search and Rescue efforts. We compared the DAT patients behavior to the behavior of elderly lost victims that possessed normal cognitive abilities. Data for both populations was from the Virginia Department of Emergency Services lost subject database. We found that normal elderly individuals on average traveled a greater straight line distance (2.56 km) from the Point Last Seen (PLS) than DAT patients (0.88 km). The median straight line distance from the PLS was the same for both populations (0.8 km). The mortality rate for DAT patients was 19 percent. Mortality was caused by hypothermia, dehydration, and drowning. No fatalities were found among DAT patients when they were located within 24 hours. A mortality rate of 46 percent was found for patients requiring more than 24 hours to locate. This 24 hour survivability window suggests that lost DAT patients require an immediate and aggressive search response.Keywords: Wandering, Alzheimer's Disease, Lost person behavior, missing person, Behavioral profile IntroductionOur goals are to create a preliminary behavioral profile of lost Dementia of Alzheimer's Type (DAT) patients, determine factors that impact survivability, and to create a database. Incident commanders in missing person searches rely on lost person behavior profiles and statistics for the initial deployment of resources, development of objectives, and predicting survivability. The major textbooks and field guides currently used by incident commanders combine both Alzheimer's with Elderly subjects or fail to give any numbers [1,2]. Unfortunately, search subjects suffering from Alzheimer's disease are grouped with elderly subjects or undocumented.Current estimates of Alzheimer's Disease are four million based upon an estimated 10.3% of the population over the age of 65 suffers from probable Alzheimer's disease [3]. An estimated 12-14 million Americans will be affected by the year 2040 [4]. The increase is believed to be due to an increase in awareness of the disease and an increase in the age of the U.S. population [5]. Regional demographics also will affect the percentage of Alzheimer's cases found in each state. Indeed there appears to be a higher prevalence in rural areas [6] and among those with less education [7,8]. It is this particular subset of DAT patients that often results in search and rescue incidents.Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a disease of exclusion since only after the patients' death can it be diagnosed positively. However, DAT [9] or probable AD is characterized well and can be documented with behavioral tests [10,11,12]. Wandering significantly increases with further deterioration of the DAT patient. Among mild cases of DAT, 18% of the patients wander, while in severe cases, wandering increases to 50% [13]. Other studies have made estimates of the prevalence of wanderers ranging from twelve to thirty-nine percent [14,15]. Another study reported twe...

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Prevalence of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease and other dementing disorders

Cited by 251 publications

References 0 publications

Cognitive impairment among institutionalized elderly individuals in Mysore, South India

Cognitive impairment among institutionalized elderly individuals in Mysore, South India

The response-signal method reveals age-related changes in object working memory.

Behavioral profile of possible Alzheimer's disease patients in Virginia search and rescue incidents

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