Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and substance‐related disorders in parents of children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review

Barreto, Tainara M; Bento, Mayara N; Barreto, Tamiris M; Jagersbacher, João Gabriel; Jones, N.; Lucena, Rita; Bandeira, Igor D.

doi:10.1111/dmcn.14321

Cited by 50 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Several advances in the treatment of brain and mind disorders have emerged in the past decades, [73][74][75][76][77][78][79] although there is still a need for the development and consolidation of biomarkers in psychiatry to enable further achievements in the improvement of mental health screening and diagnosis, as well as increased health care quality and a reduction in the mental health burden inherent to mental illness. 80,81 Funding. CAPES 001.…”

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Analysis of the superior temporal gyrus as a possible biomarker in schizophrenia using voxel-based morphometry of the brain magnetic resonance imaging: a comprehensive review

2020

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The lack of predictive biomarkers for therapeutic responses to schizophrenia leads clinical procedures to be decided without taking into account the subjects’ neuroanatomical features, a consideration, which could help in identifying specific pharmacological treatments for the remission of symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique widely used for radiological diagnosis and produces 3-dimensional images in excellent anatomical detail, and with a great capacity to differentiate soft tissue. Various MRI techniques of the human brain have emerged as a result of research, enabling structural tests that may help to in consolidate previous findings and lead to the discovery of new patterns of abnormality in schizophrenia. A literature review was undertaken to assess the superior temporal gyrus (STG) as a possible biomarker in schizophrenia with the use of voxel-based morphometry of the brain using MRI. Many findings in studies of schizophrenia using MRI have been inconclusive and, in some cases, conflicting, although interesting results have been obtained when attempting to correlate neuroimaging changes with aspects of clinical features and prognosis of the disease. The individuals affected by this mental illness appear to have smaller STG volumes when compared to healthy controls and also to subjects with a diagnosis of first-episode affective psychosis or groups of individuals at high risk of psychosis. However, the wide variety of definitions surrounding the STG found in a number of studies is a contributing factor to the lack of correlation between brain abnormalities and clinical symptoms. For instance, disagreements have arisen due to studies using regions of interest to analyze the STG whereas other studies prioritize the analysis of only STG subregions or specific supratemporal plane regions. It is necessary to standardize the nomenclature of the areas to be studied in the future, as this will enable more consistent results, allowing higher clinical and morphological correlations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

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Analysis of the superior temporal gyrus as a possible biomarker in schizophrenia using voxel-based morphometry of the brain magnetic resonance imaging: a comprehensive review

2020

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“…Second, degree of disability should have been considered. Parents’ stress level often varies according to the degree of disability [ 30 , 31 ]. Therefore, a psychometric study that considers the degree of disability should be conducted in the future.…”

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confidence: 99%

Rasch Analysis of the Korean Parenting Stress Index Short Form (K-PSI-SF) in Mothers of Children with Cerebral Palsy

Park

Soojung

2020

IJERPH

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric characteristics of the Korean Parenting Stress Index Short Form (K-PSI-SF) for mothers of children with cerebral palsy (CP) by using a Rasch analysis. The participants were 114 mothers of children with CP whose ages ranged from 2.79 to 11.90 years. The K-PSI-SF consists of 36 items, with a 5-point Likert scale grading along three subscales (Parent Distress, Parent–Child Dysfunctional Interaction, and Difficult Child). The response data were analyzed, and we determined the item fitness and item difficulty, rating scale fit, and separation index. The results show that two items did not have the required fitness. After these two items were deleted, the means of the 34 items in two of the subscales were statistically different from those of the original 36 items. Our analysis of the item difficulty identified the need to add easier question items. The 5-point Likert scale used in the questionnaire was found to be appropriate. This significance of this study is that it suggested the need to modify item fitness and difficulty level, as it identified the psychometric characteristics of the K-PSI-SF through a Rasch analysis based on the item response theory.

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“…2 Given the 70% non-responserate in Whitney et al's study and the high rate of ADHD among non-responders in general child population studies, it is possible that ADHD rates were underestimated. 4 With regard to anxiety, however, Barreto et al seem to have only actually found one study indicating there is no presented evidence that the rate is higher than in typical children or in parents of children with other neurological disorders. 4 With regard to anxiety, however, Barreto et al seem to have only actually found one study indicating there is no presented evidence that the rate is higher than in typical children or in parents of children with other neurological disorders.…”

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“…Further, it is unclear why the authors did not include autism among the disorders that they looked for, given the high rate (18%) of autism reported by P ahlman et al 2 The systematic review by Barreto et al reports a higher prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in parents of children with CP. 4 With regard to anxiety, however, Barreto et al seem to have only actually found one study indicating there is no presented evidence that the rate is higher than in typical children or in parents of children with other neurological disorders.…”

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confidence: 98%

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This commentary is on the systematic review by Barreto et al on pages 163-168 of this issue.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a complex syndrome, rather than a unique disorder, separate from other neurological, neurodevelopmental, and neuropsychiatric conditions. 3,4 They draw attention to the need to broaden the scope of assessment, work-up, and follow-up of children and families affected by CP. 2 Two recent papers address the neuropsychiatric problems associated with CP in children and their parents.

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Mental health problems in cerebral palsy: comprehensive management for children and their families

Gillberg

2019

Develop Med Child Neuro

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This commentary is on the systematic review by Barreto et al. on pages 163-168 of this issue.Cerebral palsy (CP) is a complex syndrome, rather than a unique disorder, separate from other neurological, neurodevelopmental, and neuropsychiatric conditions. We have known since 1996 that autism is overrepresented in CP 1 and that other mental health conditions (including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]) also occur at higher rates in children with CP. 2 Two recent papers address the neuropsychiatric problems associated with CP in children and their parents. 3,4 They draw attention to the need to broaden the scope of assessment, work-up, and follow-up of children and families affected by CP. Based on the US National Survey of Children's Health, Whitney et al. conclude that anxiety, behavioural problems, depression, and mental 'multimorbidity' are much more common in CP than in the general population of children. 3 They further state that increased risk of depression in children with CP is associated with low physical activity, suggesting that increased physical activity might lower the rate of depression in these children. While this seems to be a reasonable assumption and a good basis for a new study, no such effect of increased physical activity has yet been demonstrated.Whitney et al. also found no statistically significant increase in the prevalence of ADHD in their sample of children with CP. 3 This contrasts with the very high rates of (potentially treatable) ADHD we found in population-based studies of children with CP. 2 Given the 70% non-responserate in Whitney et al.'s study and the high rate of ADHD among non-responders in general child population studies, it is possible that ADHD rates were underestimated. Further, it is unclear why the authors did not include autism among the disorders that they looked for, given the high rate (18%) of autism reported by P ahlman et al. 2 The systematic review by Barreto et al. reports a higher prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in parents of children with CP. 4 With regard to anxiety, however, Barreto et al. seem to have only actually found one study indicating there is no presented evidence that the rate is higher than in typical children or in parents of children with other neurological disorders.Even so, the two papers 3,4 are invaluable in identifying the need for prospective, longitudinal, controlled studies of child and parent mental (and physical) health in the context of CP. The many questions that remain unanswered in this regard include the following: (1) What is the full range of problems faced by children with CP and their families? An Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental (Neuropsychiatric) Clinical Examinations (ESSENCE) approach 5 could be taken to assess the full range of possible problems in each individual, including autism and other communication disorders, ADHD, depression, anxiety, and learning disorders. (2) What is the parents' health status before the occurrence of CP? (3) How old is the child when ev...

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Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and substance‐related disorders in parents of children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review

Cited by 50 publications

References 33 publications

Analysis of the superior temporal gyrus as a possible biomarker in schizophrenia using voxel-based morphometry of the brain magnetic resonance imaging: a comprehensive review

Analysis of the superior temporal gyrus as a possible biomarker in schizophrenia using voxel-based morphometry of the brain magnetic resonance imaging: a comprehensive review

Rasch Analysis of the Korean Parenting Stress Index Short Form (K-PSI-SF) in Mothers of Children with Cerebral Palsy

Mental health problems in cerebral palsy: comprehensive management for children and their families

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