Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and its relationship with glomerular filtration rate and other risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Spain. DM2 HOPE study

Abstract

HighlightsIn Spain, diabetic retinopathy (DR) prevalence in type 2 diabetic patients was 14.9%.DR was higher in women and older patients.eGFR, duration of disease, HbA1c ≥ 7% and high blood pressure were associated with DR.DR was also higher in patients taking insulin.Patients with DR used to have comorbidities more frequently.

Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Associated Factors among Type 2 Diabetes Patients at Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Ethiopia

“…This study identified that diabetic retinopathy was 51.3% prevalent among the enrolled type 2 diabetes patients. This finding is higher than the prevalence previously reported from Arbaminch [29] and Jimma [28] in Ethiopia and from other parts of the world [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. However, our finding is lower than the one reported from Bahol in Iran [25].…”

“…Similar with previous research findings reported from other settings [18,[20][21][22], our study revealed that the risk to have diabetic retinopathy among type 2 diabetes increases with the duration of the disease, higher HbA1c (>7%), and presence comorbid hypertension. Therefore, early diagnoses of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy, and continuous diabetes selfmanagement education can improve the control of these risk factors.…”

“…Nevertheless, the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes greatly varies from country to country. For instance, the reported prevalence was 28.5% in the United States [18], 9.6% in India [19], 36.2% in Armenia [20], 8.1% in Beijing, China [21], 14.9% in Spain [22], 28.3% in the United Kingdom [23], 23.2% in Japan [24], and 64.1% in Iran [25]. A systematic review reported that the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in population-based studies range from 30.2 to 31.6% and the prevalence in clinic-based studies range from 7.0 to 62.4% in Africa [26].…”

“…Studies have indicated that longer diabetes duration [16][17][18][20][21][22], higher hemoglobin A 1 c [16][17][18][19]22], higher blood pressure [16][17][18]21,22], and higher fasting blood glucose [19,21] were associated with presence of diabetic retinopathy. Studies have also shown that higher prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was associated with increasing age [19,20,22,23], being under insulin treatment [18,20,22], body mass index and creatinine clearance rate [21], higher blood monocyte count [19], estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m 3 [22], and male gender compared with female [18,23]. Furthermore, some studies have reported that lower serum cholesterol [16], black race compared to white [18], and lower socioeconomic status [24] were associated with increased risk of diabetic retinopathy.…”

The related risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in elderly patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cohort study

“…For the gender factors, Lopez et al (2017) determined that retinopathy in women are more common related to retinopathy in elderly patients with T2DM. 23 Another retrospective study also found that women were more likely to have retinopathy than men 24 , the results of which matched the results of this study. The estrogen production could regulate ocular blood flow to protect the retina; and its antioxidant effects were the primary protective effect on the lens.…”