Prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomavirus, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1 in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 in south-eastern Poland

Abstract

A microbiota is a complex ecosystem of microorganisms consisting of bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi living in different niches of the human body, which plays an essential role in many metabolic functions. Modifications in the microbiota composition can lead to several diseases, including metabolic disorders. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of four viruses which can cause persistent infections–Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). Blood, saliva and oral swabs were collected from all the study participants. The nested-PCR technique was used to detect the viral DNA. DNA of at least one virus was detected in 71.1% of diabetic patients and in 30% of individuals without diabetes. In patients with diabetes EBV DNA was detected the most frequently (25.4%), followed by HPV– 19.1%, HSV– 10.4% and CMV– 5.2%. A higher percentage of EBV+HPV co-infection was found among men (30.8%). EBV DNA was statistically more often detected in patients living in rural areas (53.7%), while HPV (91.5%) and EBV+HPV co-infection (22.2%) prevailed among patients from urban areas. In patients with a DM2 history longer than 10 years viral infection was detected more frequently. The prevalence of EBV, HPV and the EBV+HPV co-infection was significantly higher in diabetic patients than in individuals without diabetes. The frequency of these infections depended on the duration of the disease (DM2).

Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 infected with Epstein-Barr virus

“…Our previous research revealed that the prevalence of EBV DNA in patients with diabetes is significantly higher than in individuals without this disease [16]. The present study analyzed the serum activity of GPx and SOD in the patients with DM2 with and without EBV infection.…”

“…According to our researches both EBV infection and diabetes are associated with lower values of antioxidant enzymes. Our previous studies revealed that EBV DNA was detected more frequently in the group of diabetic patients (35.9%) than in patients without diabetes [16]. Chronic infections caused by various viruses influence the whole immunity of the patient.…”

Association of oral Epstein‑Barr virus with periodontal health in Japanese adults

“…As for the association between EBV DNA and clinical factors, there was no significant difference between EBV DNA and sex, age, remaining teeth, denture use, or medical history. Diabetic patients were more susceptible to oral EBV than non-diabetic patients (15). Thus, diabetes is thought to be an important risk factor in the prevalence of oral EBV DNA.…”

“…However, it remains unknown whether EBV is associated with poor oral health (i.e., dental plaque accumulation, an increased oral bacterial count, and a small number of remaining teeth) among middle-aged and older Japanese people. Smoking and diabetes are strongly related to oral EBV prevalence (14,15). However, the relationship between periodontitis and EBV has not been fully elucidated by reducing the effects of confounding factors (i.e., smoking and a medical history of diseases such as diabetes).…”

Significant Effects of CCR5delta32 Polymorphism on Alzheimer‘S Disease, Neurological Disorders, Cancer, Diabetes and Viral Infection in the Worldwide Population

“…In humans carrying the CCR5delta32 allele, the age of diabetes type 1 onset was delayed and morbidity due to diabetes type 2 was reduced [73]. In Australian and New Zealand populations, partial protection from diabetes type 1 was observed in individuals homozygous for the CCR5delta32 allele [74]. At the same time, CCR5 down-regulation in cell cultures promoted a protective mechanism against cellular destruction in diabetes type 1 [75].…”