Prevalence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-, carbapenem-, and fluoroquinolone-resistant members of the family Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the feces of horses and hospital surfaces at two equine specialty hospitals

Adams, Rachael J.; Mollenkopf, Dixie F.; Mathys, Dimitria A.; Whittle, Andrea; Ballash, Greg A.; Mudge, Margaret C.; Daniels, Joshua B.; Barr, Bonnie S.; Wittum, Thomas E.

doi:10.2460/javma.258.7.758

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Implementation of an effective infection prevention protocol in the equine hospital in the current study might have prevented or reduced the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and ARGs to hospitalised horses. However, previous studies using culture-based or PCR techniques have shown that antimicrobial-resistant E. coli bacteria increase in the faeces of horses, independent of antimicrobial administration, within days of hospitalisation [55][56][57][58][59][60]. One study compared the duration of faecal shedding of resistant E. coli after antimicrobial treatment between hospitalised horses and non-hospitalised horses [61].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal study of the short- and long-term effects of hospitalisation and oral trimethoprim-sulfadiazine administration on the equine faecal microbiome and resistome

et al. 2023

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Background Hospitalisation and antimicrobial treatment are common in horses and significantly impact the intestinal microbiota. Antimicrobial treatment might also increase levels of resistant bacteria in faeces, which could spread to other ecological compartments, such as the environment, other animals and humans. In this study, we aimed to characterise the short- and long-term effects of transportation, hospitalisation and trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (TMS) administration on the faecal microbiota and resistome of healthy equids. Methods In a longitudinal experimental study design, in which the ponies served as their own control, faecal samples were collected from six healthy Welsh ponies at the farm (D0–D13-1), immediately following transportation to the hospital (D13-2), during 7 days of hospitalisation without treatment (D14–D21), during 5 days of oral TMS treatment (D22–D26) and after discharge from the hospital up to 6 months later (D27–D211). After DNA extraction, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on all samples. For resistome analysis, shotgun metagenomic sequencing was performed on selected samples. Results Hospitalisation without antimicrobial treatment did not significantly affect microbiota composition. Oral TMS treatment reduced alpha-diversity significantly. Kiritimatiellaeota, Fibrobacteres and Verrucomicrobia significantly decreased in relative abundance, whereas Firmicutes increased. The faecal microbiota composition gradually recovered after discontinuation of TMS treatment and discharge from the hospital and, after 2 weeks, was more similar to pre-treatment composition than to composition during TMS treatment. Six months later, however, microbiota composition still differed significantly from that at the start of the study and Spirochaetes and Verrucomicrobia were less abundant. TMS administration led to a significant (up to 32-fold) and rapid increase in the relative abundance of resistance genes sul2, tetQ, ant6-1a, and aph(3”)-lb. lnuC significantly decreased directly after treatment. Resistance genes sul2 (15-fold) and tetQ (six-fold) remained significantly increased 6 months later. Conclusions Oral treatment with TMS has a rapid and long-lasting effect on faecal microbiota composition and resistome, making the equine hindgut a reservoir and potential source of resistant bacteria posing a risk to animal and human health through transmission. These findings support the judicious use of antimicrobials to minimise long-term faecal presence, excretion and the spread of antimicrobial resistance in the environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal study of the short- and long-term effects of hospitalisation and oral trimethoprim-sulfadiazine administration on the equine faecal microbiome and resistome

et al. 2023

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“…In this study Rachael Adams and co‐workers in the USA estimated the prevalence of extended‐spectrum cephalosporin‐, carbapenem‐, and fluoroquinolone‐resistant bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae in the faeces of hospitalised horses and on hospital surfaces .…”

Section: Enterobacteriaceae In Hospitalised Horsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers

Wright¹

2021

Equine Veterinary Education

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This cross-sectional study by Marcha Badenhorst and coworkers in Austria, Germany and Switzerland investigated the prevalence, geographical distribution, genetic diversity, pathogenesis and risk factors of equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) in Austrian equids.Sera from 259 healthy horses and 13 healthy donkeys were analysed for the presence of EqPV-H antibodies and EqPV-H DNA (PCR). Associations between infection status, sex, age and concurrent equine hepacivirus (EqHV) infection were described. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), gammaglutamyl transferase (GGT), bile acids and albumin concentrations were compared between horses with active infection and PCR-negative horses. Phylogenetic analysis of the EqPV-H variants was performed.In horses, EqPV-H seroprevalence was 30% and DNA prevalence was 8.9%. One horse was co-infected with equine hepacivirus. No evidence of EqPV-H was detected in donkeys. Horses over 16 years of age were eight times more likely to have active EqPV-H infection compared with horses 1-8 years of age, and were three times as likely to have active EqPV-H infection compared with horses 9-15 years of age. GLDH, GGT, bile acids and albumin concentrations were not significantly different between horses with active infection and those without. The EqPV-H variants identified in this Austrian population of horses showed high similarity to sequences worldwide. No evidence of EqPV-H was detected in donkeys.EqPV-H antibodies and DNA are frequently detected in Austrian horses, without associated hepatitis. The risk of active EqPV-H infection increases with age. Effect of diet on equine peripheral cariesThis retrospective review by Kirsten Jackson and co-workers in Australia investigated the effect of replacing oaten hay with a non-cereal hay on equine peripheral caries in 42 cases.Recent research suggests that diets with high water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content are associated with high risk of peripheral caries. This study investigated whether the peripheral caries process can be halted if oaten hay is removed from the diet and replaced with a non-cereal hay which is typically lower in WSC. Forty-two horses with peripheral caries were switched from oaten hay to a non-cereal hay or straw. Photographs taken at the time and again at subsequent visits were anonymised, randomised, and scored by six equine veterinary dentists using the Jackson et al. 'Peripheral Caries Grading System' grading scale.At follow-up, 69% of cases were marked as inactive, compared with 47.6% of cases at baseline. Significantly lower grades of peripheral caries were observed in the gingival, middle and occlusive third of the molars at follow-up compared with baseline. Significant improvements were not observed in the premolars.Recommending that clients change their horse's diet from oaten hay to a lower WSC hay may be useful as part of longterm management of equine peripheral caries.

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Prevalence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-, carbapenem-, and fluoroquinolone-resistant members of the family Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the feces of horses and hospital surfaces at two equine specialty hospitals

Cited by 2 publications

References 38 publications

Longitudinal study of the short- and long-term effects of hospitalisation and oral trimethoprim-sulfadiazine administration on the equine faecal microbiome and resistome

Longitudinal study of the short- and long-term effects of hospitalisation and oral trimethoprim-sulfadiazine administration on the equine faecal microbiome and resistome

Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers

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