Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C among Tuberculosis Patients at Local Community of Sindh, Pakistan

Abstract

Objective: To assess the prevalence rate of Hepatitis B and C among those patients who had tuberculosis in local community of Sindh, Pakistan. Study Design:Survey-based study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pathology, Liaquat University of Medical & health Sciences Jamshoro from 1stJanuary 2020 to 31stDecember 2020. Methodology: Five hundred and eighty nine confirmed cases of tuberculosis patients were enrolled. The patients were further analyzed to assess either HBV, HCV or both are present or absent. Results: Three hundred and forty one (57.8%) were males and 248 (42.1%) were females. The majority of participants were in the age group of 45-54 years 147 (24.9%).The residence detail showed that 167 (28.3%) belonged to urban areas. Further 143 (24.2%) had sickness history of 2-6 months, 239 (40.5%) had history of 6-12 months, The prevalence of hepatitis B and C among tuberculosis patients showed, 17.8% (n=105) with Hepatitis B, 26.3% (n=155) were diagnosed with hepatitis C, 15.7% (n=93) had Both Hepatitis B and C, however 236 (40.0%) had no history with hepatitis. Hepatitis C was most frequently found age of above 54 years, 55 (9.3%). Conclusion:The control of tuberculosis has remained one of the greatest goals globally till date, the higher risk of liver complications, along with the Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. Although the complications of Tuberculosis patients remain unsolved yet the possible efforts can be made to identify the earlier problems for the clinical prospective and a complete follow up of the records can optimize the management of Tuberculosis in co-existing conditions of hepatitis B and C. Key Words: Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Tuberculosis, Liver diseases

A one health-focused literature review on bovine and zoonotic tuberculosis in Pakistan from the past two decades: challenges and way forward for control

“… Kohat - Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Type of study: cross-sectional Target animal species: cattle, buffalo, goat and milk shops Target location: 5 randomly selected union councils of district Kohat Sample size: 200 milk samples [cattle (62), buffaloes (64), goats (47) and milk shops (27)] Sample types for testing: milk Diagnostic tests: ZN staining followed by microscopy and PCR Mycobacteria were observed in 13.5% of collected milk samples on ZN staining In milk samples from cattle, M. bovis prevalence was 6.4% on PCR testing In milk samples from buffaloes, prevalence of M. bovis was 6.2% and prevalence of M. tuberculosis was 1.5% on PCR testing In milk samples from goats, M. bovis prevalence was 2% and M. tuberculosis prevalence was 6.3% on PCR testing Milk samples collected from shops had a higher percent positivity for M. bovis (7.4%) compared to the samples collected directly from animals No milk sample was positive for M. tuberculosis Older animals (over 8 years of age) were found to have a higher prevalence of bTB Several risk factors were identified for bTB transmission, including herd size, communal grazing, watering practices, and poor sanitary conditions [ 39 ] 13. Karachi (Sindh) Type of study: cross-sectional Target animal species: Target location: two abattoirs Sample types for testing: blood and tissue samples were collected from lymph node of respiratory tract, lung and liver tissue, lymph nodes from gastrointestinal tract Diagnostic tests: lateral flow technique, PCR, ZN staining 100 animals out of the 800 were suspected of having bTB The overall prevalence of bTB was 5.87% using the lateral flow technique and 12.66% using NZ staining Among the 100 suspected animal samples, 55 (55%) were PCR positive while 47 (47%) were ELISA positive The prevalence of bTB increased with increasing age [ 40 ] 14. Karachi (Sindh) Type of study: cross-sectional Target animal species: cattle and buffalo Target location: small holders dairy farms in 5 towns of Karachi Sample size: 1000 animals (435 cows and 565 buffaloes) Diagnostic tests: CITT Bovine TB prevalence in peri-urban Karachi was 14.4%, indicating the need for control measures Malnourished and unhealthy animals were more susceptible to bTB infection [ 41 ] 15.…”