Prevalence of HIV infection among tuberculosis patients in Eastern India

Manjareeka, Magna; Nanda, Sitikantha

doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2013.04.004

Cited by 42 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Similarly, the co-infection risk was higher for the same age bracket, which implied that co-infection was more common in the sexually active age group. These findings were contrary to the findings by (32) and (29) who observed that high rates of TB-HIV co-infections were in younger patients (<15 years of age) but consistent to several other studies (30,(33)(34)(35)(36). The study also revealed that a larger proportion of the HIV co-infected cases had extra-pulmonary TB conforming to (37) and (34) who found that the risk of extrapulmonary TB was higher in HIV co-infected cases majorly because of delayed diagnosis especially for the sputum smear-negative…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…The larger TB case notification among the male could be because of the barriers the female encounter in seeking care for and diagnosis of TB or could reflect more complete registration for treatment by the male (42). In other studies by (34), the prevalence of co-infection was much higher among males in most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa whereas in all other countries there was no significant difference in the gender ratio. However, the case notification data alone are insufficient to determine whether the gender ratio reflect an excess in the co-infection burden among men or a disadvantage among women in seeking and accessing TB care.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

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Bayesian Modeling of Spatiotemporal patterns of TB-HIV co-infection risk in Kenya

Otiende

Achia

Mwambi

2019

Preprint

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Background Tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) diseases are globally acknowledged as a public health challenge that exhibits adverse bidirectional relations due to the co-epidemic overlap. To understand the co-infection burden we used the case notification data to generate spatiotemporal maps that described the distribution and exposure hypotheses for further epidemiologic investigations in areas with unusual case notification levels. Methods We analyzed the TB and TB-HIV case notification data from the Kenya national TB control program aggregated for forty-seven counties over a seven-year period (2012 – 2018). Using the Integrated Nested Laplace Approach (INLA), we modeled the risk of TB-HIV co-infection. Six competing models with varying space-time formulations were compared to determine the best fit model. We then assessed the geographic patterns and temporal trends of coinfection risk by mapping the posterior marginal from the best fit model. Results Of the total 608312 TB case notifications, 194129 were HIV co-infected. The proportion of TB-HIV co-infection was higher in females (39.7%) than in males (27.0%). A significant share of the co-infection was among adults aged 35 to 44 years (46.7%) and 45 to 54 years (42.1%). Based on the Bayesian Defiance Information (DIC) and the effective number of parameters comparisons, the spatiotemporal model 3b was the best in explaining the geographical variations in TB-HIV coinfection. The model results suggested that the risk of TB-HIV coinfection was influenced by infrastructure index (Relative risk (RR)=5.75, Credible Interval (Cr.I) = (1.65, 19.89)) and gender ratio . The lowest and highest temporal relative risks were in the years 2016 at 0.9 and 2012 at 1.07 respectively. The spatial pattern presented an increased co-infection risk in a number of counties. For the spatiotemporal interaction, only a few counties had a relative risk greater than 1 that varied in different years. Conclusions We identified elevated risk areas for TB/HIV co-infection and fluctuating temporal trends which could be because of improved TB case detection or surveillance bias caused by spatial heterogeneity in the co-infection dynamics. Focused interventions and continuous TB-HIV surveillance will ensure adequate resource allocation and significant reduction of HIV burden amongst TB patients

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Bayesian Modeling of Spatiotemporal patterns of TB-HIV co-infection risk in Kenya

Otiende

Achia

Mwambi

2019

Preprint

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“…With these WHO declared TB as global public health emergency. One of the reports mentioned that out of the 9 million reported TB cases, 2 million were from Indian subcontinent [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pilot study to find the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis and individuals on anti-tuberculosis treatment

Sarma

Chandra

2020

Trop J Pathol Microbiol

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Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a known risk factor of tuberculosis (TB). Moreover, the risk of getting TB is 3 times more among diabetics compared to the non-diabetics. Materials and methods: Study was conducted in department of Microbiology, GSL Medical College, Rajahmundry. Individuals aged ≥ 18yeras were included in the study. The study participants were divided into two groups. Group A consist of newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis (PT) individuals and individuals on anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) were included in group B. Two spot sputum samples were collected from the participants, same day sputum collection approach; smear was stained by Ziehl Neelsen staining technique. Blood sample was collected and analyzed by HbA1C technique for sugar estimation. Results: In group A, 17%, 33% and 50% individuals were diagnosed to be normal, prediabetic and diabetic respectively. Whereas this was 7%, 20% and 73% respectively among group B. Age wise, individuals with diabetes were increased in both groups. Conclusion: Diabetes is more among the individuals who are on ATT compared to newly diagnosed PT cases. Studies with large sample size are recommended.Several studies regarding DM and TB were reported but the results are ambiguous. Some studies reported low [7,8] smear positivity among DM and high-grade smear positivity [9,10] was also reported. Moreover, the present study did not find reports on DM and TB from East Godavari district where the burden of TB is high. With this a study was planned with an aim to find the prevalence of DM among newly diagnosed PT and individuals on antituberculosis treatment (ATT).

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“…13 In a study among patients in a railway hospital in Kolkata coughing and fever were the common presentation. 14 In pediatric age group also predominant symptoms were cough, fever, loss of weight and loss of appetite. 8 Problem of tuberculosis has been compounded by the presence of different co morbidities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patient profile and treatment outcome in a tuberculosis unit in Kolkata, West Bengal

Sardar

Karmakar²,

Biswas³

2020

Int J Community Med Public Health

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Background: Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and preventable. It is estimated that 1/3rd of current global population is infected asymptomatically with tuberculosis, of which 5-10% will develop clinical disease during life time.Methods: This descriptive observational study was conducted in Tuberculosis Unit, Bagbazar, Kolkata. Initially demographic data and initial clinical data were collected. Then follow up data were collected until the end of treatment. Data were compiled and analysed. Frequency and percentages were calculated.Results: Male patients were more (69.12%). Majority (61.76%) of the patients were in the age group of 19-50 years of age, followed by 50-60 years (17.64%). Common presenting complaints were cough (61.76%), fever (63.24%), loss of appetite (54.41%), respiratory distress (11.76%), haemoptysis (10.29%), loss of weight (10.29%), swelling of gland (5.88%). Success rate (treatment completed and cured) was about 90%.Conclusions: Tuberculosis was found more in male and in active age group. Treatment of tuberculosis had a very high success rate.

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Prevalence of HIV infection among tuberculosis patients in Eastern India

Abstract: The prevalence of HIV-TB co-infection was 12.3%. Consequently, all TB patients should be assessed for HIV risk factors and counseled to undergo HIV testing. Conversely, all HIV-positive cases should be screened for TB.

Cited by 42 publications

References 7 publications

Bayesian Modeling of Spatiotemporal patterns of TB-HIV co-infection risk in Kenya

Bayesian Modeling of Spatiotemporal patterns of TB-HIV co-infection risk in Kenya

A pilot study to find the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis and individuals on anti-tuberculosis treatment

Patient profile and treatment outcome in a tuberculosis unit in Kolkata, West Bengal

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