Prevalence of Human Cytomegalovirus in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women around the world, with several risk factors contributing to its progression. The role of infectious agents such as viruses in the progression of this cancer is relatively well-known, as a result of various studies in different geographical regions that reported the prevalence of cytomegalovirus in breast cancer. Objective: In this systematic review, we tried to examine the prevalence of cytomegalovirus in breast cancer. Materials and Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of three databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scolar up to January 21, 2021. Results: Out of 584 articles, 29 articles including 3158 samples were finally reviewed, of which 16 articles used PCR methods, 8 articles used serology method and 13 articles used other methods such as immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The prevalence of the virus was higher in Asian and African countries such as Iraq and Egypt than other European and South American countries. Among these, the highest prevalence of the virus in different samples of patients with breast cancer was related to Iraq. Conclusion: The results of our study showed the higher prevalence of the virus in patients with breast cancer rather than normal subjects and reveal the role of the virus in the development of breast cancer.

Association of Human Papilloma Virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Epstein–Barr Virus with Breast Cancer in Jordanian Women

“…In the MENA region six studies were found: three in Iran, two in Egypt, and one in Iraq. In these studies, CMV was detected in 6.3-54% of the BC tissue compared to 0-28% in controls [41][42][43][44][45]. In our study, CMV was detected in 13.6% of the patients, which aligns with previous studies [42][43][44]46].…”

“…In these studies, CMV was detected in 6.3-54% of the BC tissue compared to 0-28% in controls [41][42][43][44][45]. In our study, CMV was detected in 13.6% of the patients, which aligns with previous studies [42][43][44]46]. It is noteworthy that a New Zealand study revealed that CMV was completely absent in BC tissue samples from New Zealand women [47], while a study in China has shown that all BC cases were positive for CMV [48].…”

“…HPV detection and genotyping were conducted using the REALQUALITY RQ-Multi HPV detection kit (AB ANALITICA, Padua, Italy), as previously described [17]. This kit enables the identification of 28 HPV genotypes, including 14 high-risk (16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59, 66, 68), 6 potential high-risk (26,53,67,70,73,82), and 8 low-risk (6,11,40,42,43,44,55,83) types. It amplifies a short sequence within the E6 and E7 genes of the HPV genome, individually detecting HPV 16 and HPV 18 genotypes, while other genotypes are detected as pools.…”

Molecular Detection of Human Cytomegalovirus in Breast Cancer of Iranian Women Using Real-time PCR

“…The results of cell line studies also showed that CMV infection could play a role in breast cancer (6). Overall, the high prevalence of viruses in breast cancer compared to normal samples indicates the role of viruses in the spread of breast cancer (7).…”