Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection, distribution of viral types and risk factors in cervical samples from human immunodeficiency virus-positive women attending three human immunodeficiency virus-acquired immune deficiency syndrome reference centres in northeastern Brazil

Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients have a greater prevalence of coinfection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is of high oncogenic risk. Indeed, the presence of the virus favours intraepithelial squamous cell lesion progression and may induce cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of HPV infection, distribution of HPV types and risk factors among HIV-positive patients. Cervical samples from 450 HIV-positive patients were analysed with regard to oncotic cytology, colposcopy and HPV presence and type by means of polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. The results were analysed by comparing demographic data and data relating to HPV and HIV infection. The prevalence of HPV was 47.5%. Among the HPV-positive samples, 59% included viral types of high oncogenic risk. Multivariate analysis showed an association between HPV infection and the presence of cytological alterations (p = 0.003), age greater than or equal to 35 years (p = 0.002), number of partners greater than three (p = 0.002), CD4+ lymphocyte count < 200/mm3 (p = 0.041) and alcohol abuse (p = 0.004). Although high-risk HPV was present in the majority of the lesions studied, the low frequency of HPV 16 (3.3%), low occurrence of cervical lesions and preserved immunological state in most of the HIV-positive patients were factors that may explain the low occurrence of precancerous cervical lesions in this population.

High‐risk papillomavirus infection among women living with human Immunodeficiency virus: Brazilian multicentric study

“…After adjustment, we found a statistically significant association between HPV infection and the age range from 18 to 34 years, with a tendency to decrease with age (OR = 1.43). Similar data was found in the Northeastern Brazil study, where the age < 35 years was more associated with HPV infection, principally with non 16/18 HR‐HPV . This result was different from another study conducted in South Brazil that found higher prevalence of HPV infection in WLHIV with 40 or more years old .…”

“…The HPV‐16 and HPV‐18 prevalence in our study was 8.1% and 3.6%, respectively. These prevalence rates are greater than those founded in Recife (Brazil), (3.3% and 1.9%), but in Rio de Janeiro, the HPV‐16 prevalence ranged from 10 to 25% and the HPV‐18 ranged from 7 to 13% in a cohort study . Identify HPV genotypes prevalence in different regions of the country and their association with cytological alterations is of great importance for planning prevention strategies and to assess HPV vaccination coverage.…”

“…We also found an association with the presence of HPV and Illicit drug use (OR 1.61). Other studies did not found this association . In the other hand, a nested case‐control in Australia evaluating more than 200,000 women, included about 19,000 drug users, to assess the risk of cervical cancer's precursor lesions.…”

The Human papillomavirus among women living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Morocco A prospective cross-sectional study

“…In contrast, CD4 T-cell counts above 200/mm 3 at enrolment were apparently not protective to HPV infection. This data are in agreement with previous reports [50].…”

“…Data from previous studies found that cofactors increased the positivity of HPV among women living with HIV such as age greater than or equal to 35 years and greater partners [49,50]. However, in our study, none of the demographic factors was associated with HPV infection.…”