Prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors in contaminated areas of the Santos-São Vicente Estuarine region and Bertioga, Brazil: 2006-2009

Abstract

In Brazil, cardiovascular diseases account for 33% of deaths and the prevalence of hypertension is of approximately 22%. The Santos and São Vicente Estuarine System is the most important example of environmental degradation by chemicals from industrial sources. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors in the population of this estuary in the period 2006-2009. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the aforementioned prevalence of hypertension in the evaluated areas, as well as risk factors for this disease in four contaminated areas located in the Estuary, and one area outside Estuary, the city of Bertioga. Associations between categorical variables were tested using Pearson's chi-square test incorporating Yates' correction, or Fisher's exact test. Single and multiple logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the risk factors for hypertension. The highest prevalence of hypertension was found in Continental São Vicente (28.4%). The risk factors for hypertension were the following: living in Center of Cubatão (OR: 1.3; IC95%: 1.0 - 1.6) and Continental São Vicente (OR: 1.4; IC95%: 1.1 - 1.8); illiterate (OR: 1.9; IC95%: 1.1 - 3.2); living in the area for more than 20 years (OR: 1.2; IC95%: 1.0 - 1.5); group of people aged 36-60 years (OR: 3.9; IC95%: 3.3 - 4.6) and who have had past occupational exposure (OR: 1.3; IC95%: 1.1 - 1.6). Results indicate that living in contaminated areas, especially for a longer time, is a risk factor for hypertension.

Hypertension Prevalence, Treatment and Control in Older Adults in a Brazilian Capital City

“…The prevalence of AH was 74.9%, higher than observed in the country's adult population shown by other studies carried out in different regions. 8 , 11 , 12 , 19 - 21 The prevalence of AH in individuals aged between 50 and 70 years is approximately 6 to 8-fold higher than that in young adults, aged between 18 and 29 years, 19 - 22 consistent with 16 studies carried out in the country between 1989 and 2007, which reported prevalence rates of AH higher than 60% in the elderly population. 10…”

“…Canada has a rate of 64.6%, 31 Switzerland has 59.4%, 32 the United States has 57% 33 and England, 37%. 34 In Brazil, these rates vary between 22.5% in the North region 11 and 24.2% in the Midwest. 20…”

“…It can be observed that in the Brazilian elderly population, little has been analyzed beyond the prevalence data. 7 - 10 Brazilian population surveys carried out in the last 20 years, considering the adult population aged > 20 years, showed a prevalence of AH varying from 28.5% in the Southeast region 11 to up to 53.2% in the Northern region of the country. 12 In this latter study, the rate of knowledge of the diagnosis was 63.1% and the treatment rate was 85.4%, 12 albeit not specifically among the elderly.…”

Air Pollution and Chronic Kidney Disease Risk in Oil and Gas- Situated Communities: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Publication dates of included articles spanned from 1980 to 2021; however, 22 out of 25 studies were published after 2000. Ten studies (40%) were conducted in the Global South, eight of these being in Nigeria [ 21 – 28 ], one in Brazil [ 29 ], and one in Ecuador [ 30 ]. The majority of the studies ( n = 15) were conducted in Urban settings in developed countries, including Taiwan, Italy, United States, and Spain.…”

Factores asociados al no tratamiento farmacológico en brasileños con presión arterial elevada

“…Cerca de un billón de adultos en el mundo tiene esta enfermedad, encontrándose las mayores prevalencias en Europa del este, Latinoamérica y Caribe 3 . Diversos estudios realizados en Brasil han observado en adultos prevalencias de hipertensión que fluctúan entre el 22% y el 68% [4][5][6][7][8][9] .…”