Prevalence of Malaria and Typhoid Co-infection amongst Residents of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Edet, U. O.; Ebana, R. U. B.; Etok, C. A.; Ukanukumo, J

doi:10.9734/ijtdh/2016/25920

Cited by 3 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Among the 81 studies included in the analysis, 49 studies (60.5%) enrolled febrile patients 35 – 41 , 43 – 47 , 50 – 53 , 55 , 57 , 59 , 62 , 64 – 68 , 70 – 77 , 81 , 83 , 84 , 87 , 89 , 90 , 92 , 93 , 95 , 98 , 102 – 108 , 8 studies enrolled pregnant women 42 , 61 , 82 , 91 , 94 , 96 , 100 , 101 , 6 studies enrolled patients with severe malaria 30 , 54 , 63 , 79 , 80 , 85 , 9 studies enrolled malaria positive patients 28 , 48 , 56 , 58 , 60 , 69 , 78 , 86 , 88 , 5 studies enrolled typhoid/non-typhoid-positive patients 17 , 27 , 29 , 31 , 49 , and one study enrolled children with pathogenic bacteremia 20 . Co-infections with malaria and typhoidal/NTS were reported in 4,523 cases from 73,775 total patients enrolled in the 81 included studies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Salmonella spp. infection was identified using blood cultures (39/81, 48.1%) 17 , 20 , 27 – 31 , 37 , 38 , 44 , 47 , 49 , 50 , 53 , 54 , 56 – 58 , 60 , 62 , 63 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 71 , 72 , 74 , 77 – 81 , 83 , 85 , 89 , 98 , 104 – 106 , 108 , Widal test (27/81, 33.3%) 36 , 40 , 41 , 43 , 45 , 46 , 48 , 51 , 52 , 59 , 61 , 67 , 70 , 75 , 86 – 88 , 90 , 94 , 96 , 97 , 99 – 103 , stool cultures (5/81, 6.17%) 82 , 84 , 92 , 93 , 107 , RDTs (4/81, 4.94%) 35 , 42 , 73 , 91 , and molecular methods (3/43, 6.98%) 39 , 55 , 64 . One study …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pooled prevalence rate of typhoidal/NTS infection among malaria patients was estimated from 57 studies 28 , 35 – 41 , 43 – 48 , 50 – 53 , 55 – 60 , 64 – 66 , 68 – 71 , 73 , 75 – 78 , 81 , 83 , 84 , 86 – 90 , 92 , 93 , 95 , 97 – 99 , 102 – 108 . The studies were divided into groups based on diagnostic tests for Salmonella spp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subgroup analysis of typhoidal/NTS, regions (Africa and Asia), and time (publication year) was performed using the data from studies using blood culture for typhoidal/NTS identification 28 , 37 , 38 , 44 , 50 , 53 , 56 – 58 , 60 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 71 , 77 , 78 , 81 , 83 , 89 , 98 , 104 – 106 , 108 . Results showed that the prevalence rates of typhoidal and NTS infection among patients with malaria were 6% (95% CI 3–8%; I 2 , 86.9%) and 2% (95% CI 1–2%; I 2 , 87.7%) (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pooled prevalence rates of typhoidal/NTS infections among patients with severe and non-severe malaria were estimated using data from 24 studies that enrolled patients with non-severe malaria 28 , 37 , 38 , 44 , 50 , 53 , 56 – 58 , 60 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 71 , 77 , 78 , 81 , 83 , 89 , 98 , 104 – 106 , 108 and 6 studies that enrolled patients with severe malaria 30 , 54 , 63 , 79 , 80 , 85 . All 30 studies employed the blood culture method to identify Salmonella spp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence, probability, and outcomes of typhoidal/non-typhoidal Salmonella and malaria co-infection among febrile patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Wilairatana

Mala

Klangbud

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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The geographical overlaps of malaria parasites and Salmonella spp. can lead to co-infection of these two pathogens, especially in the tropics where malaria is endemic. Moreover, few literatures suggested that malaria infection was associated with Salmonella bacteremia. Therefore, this study quantified pooled prevalence of typhoidal/non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and probability of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection among febrile patients. The systematic review protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42021252322). Studies on co-infection of typhoidal/NTS and malaria were searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The risk of bias of the included studies was assessed using the checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Meta-analyses on the following criteria were performed: (1) pooled prevalence of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection among febrile patients, (2) pooled prevalence of typhoidal/NTS among malaria patients, (3) pooled prevalence of malaria infections among patients with Salmonella spp. infection, and (4) probability of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection among febrile patients. Additionally, the case fatality rate and mean difference of malarial parasitemia between typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection and Plasmodium monoinfection were also determined. The subgroup analyses of typhoidal/NTS, regions (Africa and Asia), countries, time (publication year), characteristics of participants, and diagnostic tests for identifying Salmonella spp. were also conducted. A sensitivity test was performed to determine the robustness of the study outcomes. Publication bias among the included studies was evaluated using the funnel plot and Egger’s test. All analyses were performed using Stata version 15 (StataCorp LLC, Texas, USA) with a p-value < 0.05 indicating statistical significance. Eighty-one studies that met the eligibility criteria were included in the analyses. Of the 73,775 study participants, 4523 had typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infections. The pooled prevalence rates of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection among febrile patients were 14% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9–19%; I2, 99.4%; 2971/17,720 cases) and 1% (95% CI 1–1%; I2, 89.9%; 252/29,081 cases) using the Widal test and culture methods for identifying Salmonella spp., respectively. The pooled prevalence rates of typhoidal/NTS infection among patients with malaria were 31% (95% CI 23–39%; I2, 99.5%; 3202/19,208 cases) and 3% (95% CI 2–3%; I2, 86.8%; 407/40,426 cases) using the Widal test and culture methods for identifying Salmonella spp., respectively. The pooled prevalence rates of malaria infection among patients with typhoidal/NTS were 17% (95% CI 6–29%; I2, 33.3%; 13/75 cases) and 43% (95% CI 32–53%; I2, 89.1%; 287/736 cases), respectively. Malaria infection was associated with typhoidal/NTS in children aged < 15 years (p < 0.0001; odds ratio, 0.36; 95% CI 0.23–0.58; I2, 73.9%; 3188/43,212 cases). The case fatality rate in patients with malaria and NTS co-infections was 16% (95% CI 9–24%; I2, 89.1%; 18/103 cases). From the view of the present study, the inappropriate use of the Widal test for Salmonella spp. diagnosis can overestimate the prevalence of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infections. Malaria infection associated with typhoidal/NTS in children and the high case fatality rates among few patients with co-infections were highlighted. Future prospective longitudinal studies using the appropriate and confirmatory dsiagnosis for Salmonella spp. infections are highly recommended to ensure the real prevalence of co-infection and highlight the outcome of co-infection for providing adequate treatment in febrile patients who live in areas where malaria is endemic, such as tropical Africa and India.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Prevalence, probability, and outcomes of typhoidal/non-typhoidal Salmonella and malaria co-infection among febrile patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Wilairatana

Mala

Klangbud

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Malaria and Typhoid Fever Coinfection among Febrile Patients in Ngaoundéré (Adamawa, Cameroon): A Cross-Sectional Study

Sohanang Nodem,

Ymele,

Fadimatou

et al. 2023

Journal of Parasitology Research

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Background. Malaria and typhoid fever remain the major cause of morbidity and mortality in tropical and subtropical countries. It is common today to see patients being concurrently infected or treated for the two diseases. Objective. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of malaria, typhoid fever, and their coinfection among febrile patients at Ngaoundéré Regional Hospital, Adamawa, Cameroon. Methodology. A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted on 208 febrile patients coming for medical consultation at Ngaoundéré Regional Hospital and suspected for malaria and/or typhoid fever from September to November 2019. After receiving the consent of each patient, clinical and sociodemographic information were collected using a pretested semistructured questionnaire. Thereafter, blood samples were collected and subjected to (i) blood film examination for malaria detection and (ii) qualitative and semiquantitative Widal assay for typhoid fever detection. Results. Plasmodium falciparum was the only species identified, and the prevalence of malaria was 50.0% ( n = 104 ). The seroprevalence of typhoid fever was 64.3% ( n = 133 ). The malaria and typhoid fever coinfection was 30.3% ( n = 63 ). The coinfection between S. paratyphi (A, B, and C) and malaria was also observed with the prevalence ranging from 32.2 to 63.9%. Female group and children from 2 to 10 years old were the most affected groups by the two infectious agents. Conclusion. Typhoid fever and malaria were more prevalent in Ngaoundéré City, particularly in children and women. Further studies should be done on the risk factors of malaria and typhoid fever coinfection in different study areas.

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Magnitude and Pattern of Disease Presentation among Students in Federal University of Technology Owerri Nigeria

Onoh¹,

Aguocha²,

Osuagwu³

et al. 2017

IOSR JDMS

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Students' wellbeing is paramount to their effective participation in academic and extracurricular activities. This study described the prevalence and pattern of disease presentation among students attending Federal University of Technology Medical Centre, Owerri, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional hospital based study of consecutive 552 students who gave their informed consent. Data were extracted through clerking, examination and laboratory investigations and they included socio-demographic information and diagnoses. These data were entered into Microsoft Excel 2016 and transported to Xlstat 2015 for analysis. The age distribution of the students revealed that majority of the students (46.4%) were within the age bracket of 17-23years. The mean age of the students was 24 years. The majority of the students (22.6%) were drawn from the School of Engineering and Engineering Technology. The disease pattern of students showed that typhomalaria fever was most prevalent (33.5%), malaria (28.9%), upper respiratory tract infection (21.3%), hypertension (7.3%), peptic ulcer disease (5.7%) and typhoid (3.6%). Malaria was most prevalent during the rainy season in the months of June and July, 36.5% and 35.1% respectively. Strengthening of the primary health care system, application of the principles of integrated vector management and investing substantially in specialist care model will lessen the burden of diseases in the University community.

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Prevalence of Malaria and Typhoid Co-infection amongst Residents of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Cited by 3 publications

References 11 publications

Prevalence, probability, and outcomes of typhoidal/non-typhoidal Salmonella and malaria co-infection among febrile patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Prevalence, probability, and outcomes of typhoidal/non-typhoidal Salmonella and malaria co-infection among febrile patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Malaria and Typhoid Fever Coinfection among Febrile Patients in Ngaoundéré (Adamawa, Cameroon): A Cross-Sectional Study

Magnitude and Pattern of Disease Presentation among Students in Federal University of Technology Owerri Nigeria

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