Prevalence of malocclusion in children with upper airway obstruction

Abstract

To report epidemiological data on the prevalence of malocclusion in a group of children admitted to a referral mouth-breathing otorhinolaryngological hospital center, and to evaluate the association between upper airway obstruction and different dental malocclusions. Methods: One thousand and two oral breathing children, with a mean age of 6.7 ± 2.7, were evaluated by a multidisciplinary team. The inter-arch relation was recorded in the sagittal, vertical and transversal planes and the chi-square test was performed to evaluate associations between malocclusion and mouth breathing (airway obstruction due to enlarged tonsils or adenoids and/or allergic rhinitis). Results: Tonsillar hypertrophy causing significant airway obstruction was detected in 41.3% of this sample, adenoid hypertrophy in 54.1%, and allergic rhinitis in 68.1%. Open bite and class II malocclusions were detected in approximately 30% of the children, and posterior crossbite in 25%. More than half of the mouth-breathing children had a normal inter-arch relationship in the sagittal (59.3%), vertical (53.0%) and transversal planes (75.1%). The chi-square analysis detected a non-significant association between oral breathing and malocclusion. Conclusions: Most of the evaluated oral breathing children presented a normal dental relationship in the vertical, transverse and sagittal planes. The association between Angle class II, open bite and crossbite and type of nasal obstruction was not significant. (Rev Port Esto

Effects of mouth breathing on facial skeletal development in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…The relationship between respiratory method and facial skeletal development has long been a topic of interest to paediatricians, otorhinolaryngologists, orthodontists, and other professionals [ 20 , 39 – 41 ]. do Nascimento and Becking conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of adenoid/tonsil hypertrophy on oral and maxillofacial development before and after oral respiratory surgery [ 17 , 18 ].…”

“…The search strategy was defined according to the patients, exposure, control, outcomes, and study design (PECOS) format: (1) Population: children under the age of 18 with mouth breathing habits; (2) Exposure: mouth breathing due to several causes, including but not limited to tonsil and adenoid hypertrophy, polyps, allergies, recurrent infections and nasal deformities [ 20 ]; (3) Control: patients without mouth breathing; (4) Outcome: defects in development in facial bone or dental, which can be embodied in the following cephalometric indicators: SNA, SNB, ANB, PP-MP, SN-MP, SN-PP, SN-OP, OP-MP, FMA, N-Me, SN-Gn, SNGoGn, GoGn, ArGoMe, ArGo, N-ANS, ANS-Me, S-Go, MP-H, 1-NA, 1. NA, 1.…”

Effects of mouth breathing on facial skeletal development and malocclusion in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

“…The relationship between respiratory method and facial skeletal development has long been a topic of interest to paediatricians, otorhinolaryngologists, orthodontists, and other professionals [18,[35][36][37]. Rizomar and Bibi conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of adenoid/tonsil hypertrophy on oral and maxillofacial development before and after oral respiratory surgery [15,16].…”

Effects of mouth breathing on facial skeletal development and malocclusion in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

“…The search strategy was de ned according to the patients, exposure, control, outcomes, and study design (PICOS) format: (1) Population: children under the age of 18 with mouth breathing habits; (2) Exposure: mouth breathing due to several causes, including but not limited to tonsil and adenoid hypertrophy, polyps, allergies, recurrent infections and nasal deformities [20]; (3) Control: patients without mouth breathing; (4) Outcome: defects in development in facial bone or dental, which can be embodied in the following indicators: SNA, SNB, ANB, PP-MP, SN-MP, SN-PP, SN-OP, OP-MP, FMA, N-Me, SN-Gn, SNGoGn, GoGn, ArGoMe, ArGo, N-ANS, ANS-Me, S-Go, MP-H, 1-NA, 1. NA, 1.…”

“…The relationship between respiratory method and facial skeletal development has long been a topic of interest to paediatricians, otorhinolaryngologists, orthodontists, and other professionals [20,[39][40][41]. Rizomar and Bibi conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of adenoid/tonsil hypertrophy on oral and maxillofacial development before and after oral respiratory surgery [17,18].…”