Prevalence of metallo-β-lactamase NDM-1-producing multi-drug resistant bacteria at two Pakistani hospitals and implications for public health

Abstract

The results show a high level of NDM-1 positive organisms from variety of samples at both hospitals, implicating the spread of MBL genes in clinical isolates.

Co-existence of bla NDM-1 and bla KPC-2 in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae from Pakistan

“…In a recent study from Islamabad, a prevalence of 23.6% for bla NDM-1 was reported in Gram-negative isolates where it was 13.4% P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae and 2% for E. coli. 21 Such difference in prevalence in present report might be due to small sample size. Also the previous report represented isolates from two cities.…”

Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Enterobacteriaceae in South and Southeast Asia

“…The few published prevalence reports on CRE in Pakistan are summarized in Table 3. CRE appears to be increasingly common in Pakistan (75,82,83), although notably, the laboratories of two of six hospitals contributing data to PARN did not isolate any CRE in their latest data sets in 2011 and 2012, respectively (Table 3) (75). The earliest report from a university hospital in Karachi showed that just 0.1% of clinical K. pneumoniae isolates were carbapenem resistant in the period between 2002 and 2007 (82).…”

“…As with India, CP-CRE have also been identified in different water sources in the environment since 2011 (87) and also in the community (15). The most common carbapenemase in Enterobacteriaceae in Pakistan remains NDM (83)(84)(85)(86)(87), although others, such as OXA, KPC, and IMP, have also been found in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens (88,89).…”

Nosocomial infection and its molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

“…Carbapenemases belong to the A, B, and D molecular class of β-lactamases (41). Class A and D β-lactamases have a mechanism of serine-based hydrolysis, while class B β-lactamases are metallo-β-lactamases which have zinc in their active site (42). The carbapenemases group of class A contains members of the KPC, NMC, IMI, SME, and GES families.…”