Prevalence of streptogramin resistance in enterococci from animals: identification of vatD from animal sources in the USA

Jackson, Charlene R.; Fedorka–Cray, Paula J.; Barrett, John B.; Hiott, Lari M.; Woodley, Tiffanie A.

doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.03.010

Cited by 31 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…It has been reported that transcriptional regulation of vat genes is not controlled by sequences upstream of the start codon (6,32) but that vat genes are cotranscribed and cotransferred to other strains along with other genes, such as vga, vgaB, vgb, vgbB, or ermB (17,20,28). A few researchers have speculated about the linkage between resistance genes in the coselection or persistence of antibiotic resistance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, both vgaB and vatB were detected in Enterococcus gallinarum (18), but a Q-D resistance mechanism for the ABC transporter has yet to be identified in E. faecium. E. faecium isolates from healthy humans, poultry, swine, retail meats, clinic patients, and wastewater have been shown to exhibit Q-D resistance and to carry the resistance genes vatD and/or vatE (2,17,20,28,32). Although the resistance genes encoding SAT have been established in Q-D-resistant E. faecium, some Q-D-resistant isolates that do not carry known resistance genes have been reported (9,23,24,28).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Two Newly Identified Genes, vgaD and vatG , Conferring Resistance to Streptogramin A in Enterococcus faecium

Jung

Shin

Kim

et al. 2010

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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We characterized two new streptogramin A resistance genes from quinupristin-dalfopristin-resistant Enterococcus faecium JS79, which was selected from 79 E. faecium isolates lacking known genes encoding streptogramin A acetyltransferase. A 5,650-bp fragment of HindIII-digested plasmid DNA from E. faecium JS79 was cloned and sequenced. The fragment contained two open reading frames carrying resistance genes related to streptogramin A, namely, genes for an acetyltransferase and an ATP efflux pump. The first open reading frame comprised 648 bp encoding 216 amino acids with a predicted left-handed parallel ␤-helix domain structure; this new gene was designated vatG. The second open reading frame consisted of 1,575 bp encoding 525 amino acids with two predicted ATPase binding cassette transporters comprised of Walker A, Walker B, and LSSG motifs; this gene was designated vgaD. vgaD is located 65 bp upstream from vatG, was detected together with vatG in 12 of 179 quinupristin-dalfopristin-resistant E. faecium isolates, and was located on the same plasmid. Also, the 5.6-kb HindIII-digested fragment which was observed in JS79 was detected in nine vgaD-and vatG-containing E. faecium isolates by Southern hybridization. Therefore, it was expected that these two genes were strongly correlated with each other and that they may be composed of a transposon. Importantly, vgaD is the first identified ABC transporter conferring resistance to streptogramin A in E. faecium. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns and sequence types of vgaD-and vatG-containing E. faecium isolates differed for isolates from humans and nonhumans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Characterization of Two Newly Identified Genes, vgaD and vatG , Conferring Resistance to Streptogramin A in Enterococcus faecium

Jung

Shin

Kim

et al. 2010

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…Quinupristin-dalfopristin resistance was not related to virginiamycin use on the farms. Interestingly, the satG_vatE gene was found in four of the nine E. hirae isolates and in 19 (26). Virginiamycin resistance seems to develop slowly, but continuous virginiamycin exposure seems to be required to maintain a stable streptogramin-resistant population of E. faecium in the chickens (35).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Overall, fecally contaminated chicken litter should be handled appropriately to minimize environmental and public health risk. Antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus isolates from animal production have been reported (26,39,40). The resistance levels observed in our enterococcal isolates were higher than those reported in a Slovakian study of 82 isolates (4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes inEnterococcusspp. and Characterization of Isolates from Broiler Chickens

Diarra

Rempel

Champagne

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

115

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Enterococci are now frequent causative agents of nosocomial infections. In this study, we analyzed the frequency and distribution of antibiotic resistance and virulence genotypes of Enterococcus isolates from broiler chickens. Fecal and cecal samples from nine commercial poultry farms were collected to quantify total enterococci. Sixty-nine presumptive enterococci were isolated and identified by API 20 Strep, and their susceptibilities to antibiotics were determined. Genotypes were assessed through the use of a novel DNA microarray carrying 70 taxonomic, 17 virulence, and 174 antibiotic resistance gene probes. Total enterococcal counts were different from farm to farm and between sample sources (P < 0.01). Fifty-one (74%) of the isolates were identified as E. faecium, whereas nine (13%), seven (10%), and two (3%) isolates were identified as E. hirae, E. faecalis, and E. gallinarum, respectively. Multiple-antibiotic resistance was evident in E. faecium and E. faecalis isolates. The most common multiple-antibiotic resistance phenotype was Bac Ery Tyl Lin Str Gen Tet Cip. Genes conferring resistance to aminoglycoside (aac, aacA-aphD, aadB, aphA, sat4), macrolide (ermA, ermB, ermAM, msrC), tetracycline (tetL, tetM, tetO), streptogramin (satG_vatE8), bacitracin (bcrR), and lincosamide (linB) antibiotics were detected in corresponding phenotypes. A range of 9 to 12 different virulence genes was found in E. faecalis, including ace, agg, agrB Efs (agrB gene of E. faecalis), cad1, the cAM373 and cCF10 genes, cob, cpd1, cylAB, efaA Efs , and gelE. All seven E. faecalis isolates were found to carry the gelE gene and to hydrolize gelatin and bile salts. Results from this study showed the presence of enterococci of public and environmental health concerns in broiler chicken farms and demonstrated the utility of a microarray to quickly and reliably analyze resistance and virulence genotypes of Enterococcus spp.Enterococcus spp., particularly E. faecium and E. faecalis, are important in public health; these species are responsible for approximately 12% of all nosocomial infections in the United States (11,22). In humans, enterococci cause urinary tract infections, bacteremia, peritonitis, and endocarditis, with about 90% of all clinical infections being caused by E. faecalis and E. faecium (22). The virulence of enterococci is associated with several genes, including ace (collagen binding cell wall protein), acm (surface-exposed antigen), agg (aggregative pheromone-inducing adherence to extra-matrix protein), agrB Efs (AgrB protein of E. faecalis), esp (enterococcal surface protein), hyl (hyaluronidase), cad1 (pheromone cAD1 precursor lipoprotein), the cAM373 gene (sex pheromone cAM373 precursor), the cCF10 gene (pheromone cCF10 precursor lipoprotein), cob (pheromone cOB1 precursor/lipoprotein, YaeC family), cpd1 (pheromone cPD1 lipoprotein), cylABLM (hemolysin), efaA Efs (endocarditis-specific antigen), sagA (secreted antigen), and gelE (gelatinase) (22,29). These virulence factors have been reported in enterococci isolated f...

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“…Although it is clear that the use of antimicrobial agents in animal feed contributes to the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci isolated from farm animals, the human health consequence of this resistance continues to be debated [9]. Several studies inferred that the high Q/D resistance rate in E. faecium was due to the use of virginiamycin in animal husbandry for many years; however, the use of virginiamycin may not be the sole reason for the high rate of resistance to Q/D because a low rate of Q/D-resistant enterococci was observed elsewhere in Europe and the USA where virginiamycin has been used in animal husbandry [10]. Our results also verify that Q/D resistance is not only associated with the consumption of this agent.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced susceptibility to quinupristin/dalfopristin in Enterococcus faecium in Greece without prior exposure to the agent

Karanika

Prati

Kiritsi

et al. 2008

International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents

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Prevalence of streptogramin resistance in enterococci from animals: identification of vatD from animal sources in the USA

Cited by 31 publications

References 36 publications

Characterization of Two Newly Identified Genes, vgaD and vatG , Conferring Resistance to Streptogramin A in Enterococcus faecium

Characterization of Two Newly Identified Genes, vgaD and vatG , Conferring Resistance to Streptogramin A in Enterococcus faecium

Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes inEnterococcusspp. and Characterization of Isolates from Broiler Chickens

Reduced susceptibility to quinupristin/dalfopristin in Enterococcus faecium in Greece without prior exposure to the agent

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