Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes and Impaired Glucose Regulation with Associated Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Depression in an Urbanizing Rural Community in Bangladesh: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

BackgroundTo determine the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and impaired glucose regulation (impaired fasting glucose [IFG] and impaired glucose tolerance [IGT]) in an urbanizing rural population of Bangladesh and associated cardiometabolic risk indicators and depression.MethodsA total of 2,293 subjects aged ≥20 years in an urbanizing rural Bangladeshi community were investigated. Socio-demographic and anthropometric details, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2 hours after 75 g plasma glucose (2hPG), glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting serum insulin and lipid profiles were studied. Presence of depressive symptoms using Montogomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale was also assessed.ResultsThe prevalence of IFG, IGT, IFG+IGT, and T2DM were 3.4%, 4.0%, 1.2%, and 7.9%, respectively. The prevalence of T2DM and impaired glucose regulation differed between males and females, but, both increased with age in both sexes. FPG and 2hPG had positive correlation. Employing logistic regression, it was found that increased age, waist to hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and depression were independent risk indicators for diabetes. Both insulin resistance and β-cell deficiency were significantly related for causation of diabetes. Among the study population, 26.2% had general obesity, 39.8% central obesity, 15.5% hypertension, 28.7% dyslipidemia, 17.6% family history of diabetes, and 15.3% had depression. Physical inactivity and smoking habits were significantly higher in male.ConclusionRising prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in this urbanizing rural population exist as a significant but hidden public health problem. Depression and other cardiometabolic risk indicators including obesity, hypertension, and dyslipdemia were also prevalent in this population.

Comparison of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its association with diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the rural population of Bangladesh using the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel Adult Treatment Panel III and International Diabetes Federation definitions

“…The recruitment methods and examination procedures of this rural study have been described before18–20. A total of 10 villages were randomly selected from 25 villages in the region.…”

Traditional medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes in rural and urban areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh – an ethnobotanical survey

“…Therefore, these herbal remedies are important objects of research, especially in context of the virtually exploding prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh. Although diabetes is more prevalent in urban areas [16,17], in rural communities prevalence rates for diabetes rose from 2.3% to 6.8% in between 1999 to 2004 [18]. …”

Disturbance in glucose metabolism in patients with lichen planus

“…3 In another study, Nosratzehi et al (2015) showed the mean fasting blood glucose in patient with oral lichen planus was 95. 6 found the prevalence of diabetes mellitus 7.9% and impaired glucose tolerance 4.0% in Bangladesh community. Current study showed high prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance 37.5 and 18% respectively in patients with lichen planus.…”

“…The prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance is 4.0% in Bangladeshi population. 6 Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance can be diagnosed by using American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria. Insulin resistance also indicates relatively high-risk for future development of diabetes.…”