Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infections and Associated Risk Factors among Pregnant Women in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria

Ezugwu, Ifeanyi Anthony; Afunwa, Ruth Asikiya; Onyia, Felix Chukwuebuka; Chukwunwejim, C R; Offe, Ifunaya Maryann; Onyia, Christie; Unachukwu, M. N; Eze, E. A.

doi:10.4236/jbm.2021.910014

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Although this difference was not statistically significant among the entire study participants (p=0.347), it was statistically significant for participants in GHC, where the prevalence was 30.8% (8/26) in married compared to 24.4% (11/45) in singles (p=0.0280). This is in agreement with the finding of Ezugwu et al, (27) but contradicts Wanja et al, (28) in Kenya, who reported highest prevalence of UTIs among widowed (57.1%). The highest prevalence of UTI among married participants in this study may be attributed to increase in parity or a higher number of pregnancies (27).…”

Section: Risk Factorssupporting

confidence: 92%

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Prevalence of symptomatic significant bacteriuria and associated risk factors among patients attending major hospitals in Calabar, Nigeria

Bassey,

Mbah,

Akpan

et al. 2024

Af J Clin Exp Micro

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Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most encountered bacterial infections of humans and affect both male and female of all age groups, resulting in high mortality, without proper management. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, aetiological agents, and factors associated with symptomatic significant bacteriuria/UTI among patients attending selected hospitals in Calabar metropolis, Nigeria. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study of 240 patients with suspected UTI, from whom mid-stream voided urine samples were collected for culture on Cystine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) agar. Uropathogens growth on the culture media were characterized using conventional microbiological and biochemical tests, and confirmed with API® 20E and 20NE (BioMérieux) identification system. Data on socio-demographic, clinical symptoms and potential risk factors were obtained using structured questionnaire. Pearson Chi- square was employed to determine association between categorical variables with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Of all the urine samples collected from the 240 patients, 13 samples were contaminated during collection, leaving 227 samples for analysis. Sixty-five (28.6%) of the 227 patients had symptomatic significant bacteriuria. Previous history of UTI (OR=2.863, 95% CI=1.582-5.180, p=0.008), contraceptive use (OR=3.469, 95% CI=1.446-8.320, p=0.012), pregnancy (OR=9.94, 95% CI=3.867-25.571, p<0.0001) and history of urinary catheterization (OR=4.417, 95% CI=1.024-19.053, p=0.045) were significantly associated with prevalence of symptomatic significant bacteriuria/UTI. Klebsiella pneumoniae (23.1%) was the most predominant isolate, followed by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (16.9%) and Escherichia coli (12.3%). Conclusion: The prevalence of symptomatic significant bacteriuria among patients attending selected hospitals in Calabar, Nigeria, was 28.6% (65/227), with K. pneumoniae and CoNS being the major aetiologic agents. Our study shows that previous history of UTI, pregnancy, history of urinary catheterization, contraceptive use, dysuria and occupation were significantly associated with symptomatic significant bacteriuria/UTI (p<0.05). Routine screening for UTI is recommended for pregnant women, patients with dysuria, previous episodes of UTI, and catheterized patients. French title: Prévalence de la bactériurie symptomatique significative et des facteurs de risque associés chez les patients fréquentant les principaux hôpitaux de Calabar, Nigeria Contexte: Les infections des voies urinaires (IVU) font partie des infections bactériennes les plus rencontrées chez l'homme et touchent à la fois les hommes et les femmes de tous les groupes d'âge, entraînant une mortalité élevée, sans prise en charge appropriée. Cette étude visait à évaluer la prévalence, les agents étiologiques et les facteurs associés à une bactériurie/IVU symptomatique significative chez les patients fréquentant des hôpitaux sélectionnés dans la métropole de Calabar, au Nigeria. Méthodologie: Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale portant sur 240 patients suspectés d'infection urinaire, chez lesquels des échantillons d'urine mictionnés à mi-jet ont été collectés pour être cultivés sur une gélose cystine lactose déficiente en électrolytes (CLED). La croissance des uropathogènes sur les milieux de culture a été caractérisée à l'aide de tests microbiologiques et biochimiques conventionnels, et confirmée par le système d'identification API® 20E et 20NE (BioMérieux). Les données sur les symptômes sociodémographiques, cliniques et les facteurs de risque potentiels ont été obtenues à l'aide d'un questionnaire structuré. Le chi carré de Pearson a été utilisé pour déterminer l'association entre les variables catégorielles avec p<0,05 considéré comme statistiquement significatif. Résultats: Sur tous les échantillons d'urine prélevés sur les 240 patients, 13 échantillons ont été contaminés lors du prélèvement, laissant 227 échantillons pour analyse. Soixante- cinq (28,6%) des 227 patients présentaient une bactériurie symptomatique significative. Antécédents d'infection urinaire (OR=2,863, IC à 95%=1,582- 5,180, p=0,008), utilisation de contraceptifs (OR=3,469, IC à 95%=1,446-8,320, p=0,012), grossesse (OR =9,94, 95% IC=3,867-25,571, p<0,0001) et les antécédents de cathétérisme urinaire (OR=4,417, IC à 95% =1,024-19,053, p=0,045) étaient significativement associés à la prévalence des bactériurie/IVU symptomatique significative. Klebsiella pneumoniae (23,1%) était l'isolat le plus prédominant, suivi des staphylocoques à coagulase négative (CoNS) (16,9%) et d'Escherichia coli (12,3%). Conclusion: La prévalence de la bactériurie symptomatique significative parmi les patients fréquentant certains hôpitaux de Calabar, au Nigéria, était de 28,6% (65/227), K. pneumoniae et CoNS étant les principaux agents étiologiques. Notre étude montre que les antécédents d'infection urinaire, de grossesse, de cathétérisme urinaire, d'utilisation de contraceptifs, de dysurie et d'occupation professionnelle étaient significativement associés à une bactériurie/IVU symptomatique significative (p<0,05). Le dépistage systématique des infections urinaires est recommandé pour les femmes enceintes, les patients souffrant de dysurie, d'épisodes antérieurs d'infection urinaire et les patients cathétérisés

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Section: Risk Factorssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…This is in agreement with the finding of Ezugwu et al, (27) but contradicts Wanja et al, (28) in Kenya, who reported highest prevalence of UTIs among widowed (57.1%). The highest prevalence of UTI among married participants in this study may be attributed to increase in parity or a higher number of pregnancies (27).…”

Section: Risk Factorssupporting

confidence: 92%

Prevalence of symptomatic significant bacteriuria and associated risk factors among patients attending major hospitals in Calabar, Nigeria

Bassey,

Mbah,

Akpan

et al. 2024

Af J Clin Exp Micro

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“…Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated organism with a prevalence of 53.4% (111 samples) while other pathogens accounted for 46.6% (89 samples). These values are slightly higher to the findings of previous research among pregnant women in the Enugu metropolis which reported an coli prevalence of 40.6% (89 samples) while other pathogens accounted for 59.4%(295 samples) [25]. Our findings also varies with the findings of some studies which reported an overall prevalence of 25.3% for pregnant women with asymptomatic UTI as against 5.0% recorded in the present study as well as Klebsiella pneumonia (45%) reported as the most frequently isolated organism compared to E. coli (53.4%) which was the most frequently isolated organism in the present study [26].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

Prevalence of Multi Drug Resistance Escherichia coli Bacteriuria among Antenatal Women in a Tertiary Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria

Okoani,

Ogbuabor̽,

Anoh

2024

Int. STD Res. Rev.

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Background: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) due to Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common health problem among women. Pregnant women are at increased risk due to the physiological changes associated with pregnancy. The present study was designed to determine the prevalence of E. coli UTI and its antibiotic susceptibility pattern among pregnant women at the antenatal clinic of the Enugu State University of Science and Technology Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out on a total of 200 pregnant women with and without symptoms of UTI. Mid-stream urine samples were collected and inoculated into Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) and MacConkay. Colony counts > 102 cfu/ml of urine were regarded as significant bacteriuria. Pure isolates of bacterial pathogen were characterized by colony morphology, gram-stain and standard biochemical procedures. The method of agar disc diffusion susceptibility testing was used to determine the antibiotic resistance and sensitivity of the isolates. Results: The overall prevalence of UTI was 15.4% while 48.5% were symptomatic cases and 5.0% asymptomatic cases. E,Coli was the most frequently isolated organism with a prevalence of 53.4% (111 samples) while other pathogens accounted for 46.6% (89 samples). E. coli showed the highest resistance to the antibiotic Ampicillin 100%, 78% to Tetracycline and 70% to Rocephine but a low resistance of 16.7% against Nitrofurantoin and Ceftriazone respectively. Conclusion: UTI due to E. coli in pregnant women in Enugu is relatively high and shows high resistance to routine antibiotics. It is therefore, strongly recommended to undertake a routine culture as part of the antenatal care for pregnant women.

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“…This is in agreement with Ezugwu et al . [27] but contradict Wanja et al . [28] in Kenya, who reported highest prevalence of UTIs among widowed (57.1%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Prevalence of Symptomatic Bacteriuria and Associated Risk Factors among Patients Attending Major Hospitals in Calabar, Nigeria

Bassey,

Mbah,

Akpan

et al. 2023

Preprint

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IntroductionUrinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most encountered bacterial infection of humans and affect both male and female of all age groups, resulting in high mortality of infected patients if not properly managed.Hypothesis/Gap statementSeveral studies in different sub-Saharan Africa locations show variations in incidence of UTI as well as it’s causative organisms.AimThis study aimed to assess the prevalence, etiological agents, and factors associated with urinary tract infections among patients attending selected hospitals in Calabar metropolis, Nigeria.MethodologyThis was a cross-sectional study. Mid-stream urine samples collected from 240 patients with UTI were cultured using Cystine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient Agar (CLED). Data on socio-demographic, clinical symptoms and risk factors were obtained using structured questionnaire. Uropathogens were characterized using microbiological and biochemical tests and confirmed with API®20E and 20NE (Biomérieux) identification system. Pearson Chi-square was employed to check associations between categorical variables.P-value of <.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsOut of the 240 urine samples collected, 13 were contaminated during collection, and 227 analyzed. Sixty-five (28.6%) patients had significant bacteriuria. Previous history of UTI (P=.000, CI=1.582-5.180), use of drugs without prescription (P=.000, CI=0.040-0.220), pregnancy (P=.001, CI=1.858-12.575) and history of urinary catheter (P=.031, CI=1.024-19.053) showed significant association with the occurrence of UTI.Klebsiella pneumoniae(23.1%) was the most predominant isolate, followed by Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (16.9%) andEscherichia coli(12.3%).ConclusionThe study shows that routine UTI screening is beneficial for pregnant women, patients with difficult or painful urination, patients with previous episodes of UTI, catheterized patients and appropriate drugs administered for positive cases. In addition, self-administration of antibiotics should be avoided.

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Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infections and Associated Risk Factors among Pregnant Women in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria

Abstract: The prevalence of Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) among pregnant women was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of five (5) different hospitals in Enugu metropolis. Four hundred and eighty (480) pregnant women whose ages ranged from 20 -40 years were recruited in this

Cited by 4 publications

References 17 publications

Prevalence of symptomatic significant bacteriuria and associated risk factors among patients attending major hospitals in Calabar, Nigeria

Prevalence of symptomatic significant bacteriuria and associated risk factors among patients attending major hospitals in Calabar, Nigeria

Prevalence of Multi Drug Resistance Escherichia coli Bacteriuria among Antenatal Women in a Tertiary Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria

Prevalence of Symptomatic Bacteriuria and Associated Risk Factors among Patients Attending Major Hospitals in Calabar, Nigeria

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