Prevalence of water-related diseases and groundwater (drinking-water) contamination in the suburban municipality of Mont Ngafula, Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

Groundwater pollution: Occurrence, detection, and remediation of organic and inorganic pollutants

“…Often, improper disposal of wastewater sludge and the prevalence of inadequate sanitary conditions are the major causes of microbial pollution in this region. A recent microbiological analysis of groundwater samples collected from the neighborhood of N' djili Kilambu (suburban commune of Mont Ngafula), Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo), shows the widespread presence of fecal coliform (Kapembo et al, 2019). Microbial analysis of two managed and four unmanaged wells shows extensive microbial pollution exceeding the WHO drinking water standards for fecal indicator bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, and total coliforms.…”

“…Microbial analysis of two managed and four unmanaged wells shows extensive microbial pollution exceeding the WHO drinking water standards for fecal indicator bacteria, including Escherichia coli , Enterococcus, and total coliforms. The pollution levels show seasonal trends with increased microbial pollution during the wet season compared to the dry season, owing to increased surface runoff, open defecation practices, and recurrent overflow of sanitation systems and septic tanks (Kapembo et al, 2019). Similar reports of extensive bacterial pollution have been reported from Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria (Akoachere et al, 2019).…”

Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Characteristics of Hand-Dug Wells and Boreholes Water Quality of the Vina Division, Cameroon

“…Recently, the United Nations stated that safe and clean drinking water is a human right [2]. In 2015, about 2.1 billion people lacked access to safely managed drinking water services and more than 1.8 billion people consume drinking water from a contaminated source [3,4]. Rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa account for more than 50% of those lacking potable water [5,6].…”

“…Both local epidemiological survey and laboratory analysis of faecal bacteria in drinking water such as wells, boreholes, springs are recommended to ensure informative updates on the quality of water, build-up effective management strategies to improve the quality of water from these sources and to reduce the long-term impact of water-related diseases in developing countries [3,14]. Faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are commonly used to assess the hygienic safety of drinking waters.…”

“…In several developing countries, other pathogens bacteria including Salmonella, V. cholera etc. need to be considered because of their negative health effect [3,11,16]. In addition, they have been reported to exhibited resistance to several antibiotics [9,[17][18][19].…”