Prevalence, Patterns, and Characteristics of Eye Injuries in Professional Mixed Martial Arts

Fliotsos, Michael J.; Reed, Donovan; Giles, Gregory B; Altman, Adam H H; Santamaria, Joseph; Zafar, Sidra; Carlton, Darrel K; Johnson, Anthony J.; Davies, Brett W.; Legault, Gary L; Woreta, Fasika A.; Justin, Grant A.

doi:10.2147/opth.s319025

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…23 A further important injury involves the ophthalmic area due to traumatic events during matches, especially in fight-loser. 24 It is important for physicians to recognize ophthalmic injuries during a match, especially to exclude retrobulbar hemorrhage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cranio-Maxillofacial Injuries in Mixed Martial Arts

Ferretti,

Iocca,

Gallesio

et al. 2024

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

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Purpose: To describe a case of a maxillofacial trauma that occurred during a mixed martial arts (MMA) match and to perform a literature review of maxillofacial injuries related to MMA match to determine whether preventive models are applicable. Methods: The authors described a maxillofacial injury with orbital and optic nerve involvement that happened during a professional MMA match. A literature review on maxillofacial trauma in MMA was conducted on Scopus and Pubmed with specific keywords. Results: Open reduction and internal fixation of the maxillofacial complex fractures with right eye optic neuropathy following an MMA match is described. Six articles were selected for the description of trauma in the maxillofacial complex associated with MMA fights. Discussion: Literature has paid little attention to injuries during MMA matches. The most common injury locations that emerged from the literature review were the head, face, and neck. Middle facial third injuries were the most common type. Frequently the injury involved the ophthalmic area. Conclusions: The timing of maxillofacial trauma in MMA is critical. Protective devices should be strongly promoted to prevent catastrophic consequences.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cranio-Maxillofacial Injuries in Mixed Martial Arts

Ferretti,

Iocca,

Gallesio

et al. 2024

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

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“…Regarding injury type, injuries that occur near to the head, such as facial laceration [30,31,43,44], which is one of the most common reported reason of doctor stoppage in MMA (~90% of cases), and concussions [29,37,38,45], were the most common reported. Other types of injuries such as abrasion, contusion, fractures, strains, and sprains were also observed between MMA athletes [4,31,35,36].…”

Section: Weight Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, evidence has been found that analysing salivary and serum microRNAs (miRNAs) have been promising in predicting mTBI after head impact in MMA bouts [53]. Finally, other common type of injuries in MMA is ophthalmic injuries caused by lacerations of structures around the eye, commonly resulting in fight-loss by those that receive such injuries [44]. As such, it is recommended that boxing gloves should be used during training, as these reduce the intensities of the impact on the head, minimizing injuries in the facial or eye areas [46].…”

Section: Weight Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploratory Systematic Review of Mixed Martial Arts: An Overview of Performance of Importance Factors with over 20,000 Athletes

Bueno

Faro

Lenetsky

et al. 2022

Sports

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This review aimed to analyze the findings in the literature related to Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) through an exploratory systematic review and to present the state of the art from a multifactorial perspective. The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement, with a search performed in the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Participants were competitive athletes (amateurs or professionals) of regional, national, or international levels. Of the 2763 registries identified, 112 studies met the eligibility criteria. The pooled sample size and age were 20,784 participants, with a mean age of 27.7 ± 6 years for male and 28.9 ± 3 years for female, with the vast majority of athletes being male (94.9%). MMA athletes were 17.2% amateurs, 73.8% professionals, and 9% were not reported. The scientific literature related to MMA reported injuries (n = 28), weight loss (n = 21), technical and tactical analysis (n = 23), physical fitness (n = 8), physiological responses and training characteristics (n = 13), psychobiological parameters (n = 12), and interventions applied to MMA athletes (n = 7). Therefore, this exploratory systematic review presents practitioners and researchers with seven broad summaries of each facet of performance of importance in this population of athletes.

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“…Although there are several publications describing eye injuries in boxing, [8][9][10][11][12][13] few authors have published on injuries in MMA. A recent publication by Fliotsos et al 14 characterizes the prevalence and types of eye injury in MMAs. Our study adds to the current literature by comparing the incidence and types of eye, face, and body injuries between 2 combat sports and identifying the risk factors for these injuries.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye Trauma in Mixed Martial Arts and Boxing

Chang,

Saifee,

Ton

et al. 2023

Ophthalmic Plastic &Amp; Reconstructive Surgery

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Purpose: To evaluate and compare eye and face trauma in mixed martial arts (MMA) and boxing. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: Data from boxing and MMA competitions were extracted from the Nevada Athletic Commission (NAC) between 2000 and 2020. Details of competitions, contestants, outcomes, and injuries were extracted. Results: In total 1539 boxing injuries (from 4313 contests) and 1442 MMA injuries (from 2704 contests) were identified. Boxing had higher eye injury rates compared to MMA (p < 0.0001), with an odds ratio of 1.268 (95% CI, 1.114–1.444). Eye trauma represented 47.63% of boxing injuries and 25.59% of MMA injuries, with periocular lacerations being the most common eye injury in both. Orbital fractures represented 17.62% of eye injuries in MMA and 3.14% in boxing contests. However, 2%–3% were retinal in both sports, and 3.27% were glaucomatous in boxing. MMA contestants had an odds ratio of 1.823 (95% CI, 1.408–2.359) for requiring physician evaluation following an eye injury compared with boxing. MMA contestants also had a higher rate of face (p < 0.0001) and body (p < 0.0001) injuries. For both sports, an increased number of rounds and being the losing fighter were associated with increased odds of eye and face injury. Conclusion: Although boxing has a higher rate of eye injuries, MMA eye injuries are more likely to require physician evaluation. MMA contestants also have a higher rate of orbital fractures and face and body trauma. A detailed postfight examination and long-term follow-up of ocular injury in combat sports will be vital in proposing reforms to prevent eye trauma.

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Prevalence, Patterns, and Characteristics of Eye Injuries in Professional Mixed Martial Arts

Cited by 10 publications

References 20 publications

Cranio-Maxillofacial Injuries in Mixed Martial Arts

Cranio-Maxillofacial Injuries in Mixed Martial Arts

Exploratory Systematic Review of Mixed Martial Arts: An Overview of Performance of Importance Factors with over 20,000 Athletes

Eye Trauma in Mixed Martial Arts and Boxing

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