Prevalence, withdrawal symptoms and associated factors of khat chewing among students at Jimma University in Ethiopia

Abdeta, Tilahun; Tolessa, Daniel; Adorjan, Kristina; Abera, Mubarek

doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1284-4

Cited by 39 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Being male sex had a significant role to be user as compared to females. This finding is line with studies conducted in Ethiopia [2,36,[47][48][49][50][51]. This significant difference between male and female may be justified as; females are less exposed to chewing practice than males.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Prevalence and risk factors for khat use among youth students in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis, 2018

et al. 2020

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Background: Khat use is a widely spreading public health problem affecting the most economically productive population areas in Ethiopia. Khat use among students has been linked with mental, physical, social, and psychological problems. Reliable prevalence has not been recognized because of varying published rates. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to synthesize evidence on the prevalence and potential risk factors of khat use in Ethiopia. Methods:We found 284 studies of which 266 were removed due to duplication, irrelevant topics, and other reasons, respectively. All studies conducted in Ethiopia on khat chewing among students irrespective of time frame were included. Subsequently, 18 studies were used for synthesis of prevalence. Figures were extracted from published reports, and any lost information was requested from investigators. The quality of the included literature was evaluated by using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Prevalence was pooled using random-effects meta-analyses. The presence of association was declared using P-values and an odds ratio with a corresponding 95% CI.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Prevalence and risk factors for khat use among youth students in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis, 2018

et al. 2020

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“…Thus, they did not use appropriate statistical analysis, poorly addressed confounding variables, and didn't identify subgroups with objective criteria. The remaining 2 studies with big sample size did not correctly measure the outcome variable, problematic khat use, using a valid instrument [39,47].…”

Section: Quantitative Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Others [39] employed structured questionnaires to measure withdrawal experiences associated with problematic khat use or they [49,50] reported subjective experiences of addiction without formal measurement.…”

Section: Quantitative Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Psychological and physical symptoms [22,51,52], withdrawal experiences [37,39,53], distressing experiences after khat use [49], and impairment of control or stopping [54] were reported indicators of problematic khat use. Nencini et al [52] reported that reduced respiratory and body temperature was observed among customary khat users, similar to amphetamine abuse.…”

Section: Quantitative Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nencini et al [52] reported that reduced respiratory and body temperature was observed among customary khat users, similar to amphetamine abuse. The specific withdrawal symptoms reported were yawning, craving, mood disturbance (feeling depressed, irritability), feeling fatigue and dizziness, hot feeling, slight tremor of the tongue and body, increased appetite, sleep disturbance, headache, and blurring vision [37][38][39]43] as shown in Tables 1 and 2. Increased frequency of use, the minimum was once in a month [47], ≥8 days in a month in another study [49], and the maximum was daily use [16], was an important indicator of problematic khat use.…”

Section: Quantitative Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Definition and Validity of the Construct “Problematic Khat Use”: A Systematic Review

et al. 2019

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Background: Problematic khat use, not khat use per se, is a public health and social concern for the public, researchers, and policy makers. However, the construct problematic khat use is not well-established and not fully recognized in the modern definition of substance use disorders including Diagnostic Statistic Manual (DSM-5) and international classification of diseases (ICD-10), although DSM-5 included it in the “stimulant use disorder” category. Existing scoping reviews have focused on khat use, which could not allow the differentiation of khat use from problematic khat use. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to define and validate the construct problematic khat use. Methods: This systematic review was reported following the PRISMA guidelines. We searched all English language studies without publication date restriction from 5 databases; PubMed, EMBASE, psychINFO, SocINDEX, and Google scholar. All studies that defined, explored, evaluated, or measured the construct problematic khat use were included. Adapted data extraction tool and criteria for quality evaluation were employed. We presented the results in tables and thematic synthesis of the major findings. Result: Overall, 30 qualitative and cross-sectional design studies were included. Associated harms with khat use, an increased amount used, increased frequency of use, and withdrawal experiences were indicators of problematic khat use. Using khat on an average of 3 or more times per week and using other psychoactive substances during and after khat use were frequently used to define problematic khat use. The most frequently reported withdrawal symptoms were depressed mood, irritability, fatigue, lack of motivation, increased sleep, and appetite. The existing measures (severity of dependence scale and DSM-5) of problematic khat use had psychometrically acceptable properties in terms of construct, criterion, and convergent validity, but they are poor in terms of other domains of validity including content, conceptual, and semantic validity. Conclusion: Problematic khat use constitutes, but is not limited to, harms, increased use over time, and frequent engagement in other psychoactive substances misuse. Khat use is different from problematic khat use since it is occasional and used for prayer, social, and functional reasons. Strong empirical studies that could establish thresholds for patterns of problematic khat use and a culturally suitable problematic khat use measures that follows a bottom-up approach of scale development are warranted.

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Khat Addiction

Odenwald

Klein

Warfa

2020

Textbook of Addiction Treatment

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Prevalence, withdrawal symptoms and associated factors of khat chewing among students at Jimma University in Ethiopia

Cited by 39 publications

References 24 publications

Prevalence and risk factors for khat use among youth students in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis, 2018

Prevalence and risk factors for khat use among youth students in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis, 2018

Definition and Validity of the Construct “Problematic Khat Use”: A Systematic Review

Khat Addiction

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