Prevalences of loiasis in Ondo state, Nigeria, as evaluated by the rapid assessment procedure for loiasis (RAPLOA)

Adeoye, G. O.; Akinsanya, Bamidele; Otubanjo, Olubunmi Adetoro; Ibidapo, C. A.; Atalabi, Tolulope Ebenezer; Okwuzu, Jane; Adejai, E. O.; Braide, Eka I.

doi:10.1179/136485908x267867

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 32 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Female participants showed higher positive Loa microfilaria than males, which were not significantly different ( P >0.05) and could only suggest that females were more exposed to Chrysops vectors than males in the study area. On the contrary, earlier studies in Nigeria had reported that males were likely than females to present with Loa microfilaremia [11,26,27]. The mechanisms underlying the gender bias are still unknown; experimental infections in animal models have demonstrated gender differences in susceptibility to, or the development of, filarial infections [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mectizan® has a major drawback, according to the Mectizan® Expert committee/The Mectizan® Donation Program and World Health Organization (WHO) [3,4], those suffering from onchocerciasis who simultaneously possess a high intensity of Loa loa infection could potentially suffer from severe adverse effects (SAEs), including neurological reactions, such as encephalopathy. Several studies reported distribution of L. loa and prevalences of human loiasis in the vegetational zones of Southwestern Nigeria [5-11]. Levels of adverse outcomes of treatment with ivermectin have been reported from areas of co-endemicity of onchocerciasis with loiasis or lymphatic filariasis [12-17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Assessment of Loiasis and Outcomes of Ivermectin Masstreatment in Ijebu-North, Nigeria

et al. 2011

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A total of 286 individuals from 3 selected communities (Areedi-Aje, Ipakodo/Ojokodo, and Ijebu-Igbo) of Ijebu-North, southwestern Nigeria were examined for Loa loa microfilaremia using finger prick blood smear, between December 2008 and March 2009. Rapid assessment procedure for loiasis (RAPLOA) was used to obtain information, from 187 Ijebu-Igbo residents, on adverse reactions experienced from retrospective treatments with ivermectin and history of eye worm. Only 33.9% of the respondents reported having had a history of eye worm while 33.2% had microfilaremia. The demographic factor of gender was not significant determinants of the prevalence (P>0.05) while age was significant (P<0.05). The highest prevalence of eye worm history and microfilaremia were recorded in 61-70 and 15-20 years of age categories, respectively. Ijebu-Igbo had 27.3% eye worm history, 32.1% microfilaremia, and the highest intensity of 140 microfilariae (mf)/ml. Ipakodo area had the highest eye worm history of 54.4% and the highest intensity of 420 mf/ml. Areedi-Aje had the highest occurrence of 45.2% microfilaremia and the highest intensity of 460 mf/ml. Predictably, Areedi-Aje and Ipakodo areas were high risk communities. The low intensity of L. loa infection with an insignificant (2.1%; P>0.05) adverse reactions from 187 subjects involved in the retrospective ivermectin administration confirmed that ivermectin delivery may be considered safe. The community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) programme was most probably responsible for the low prevalence and intensity.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Loiasis and Outcomes of Ivermectin Masstreatment in Ijebu-North, Nigeria

et al. 2011

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Out of the twelve communities selected from the three senatorial districts of the state for RAPLOA, 3(25%) communities, all located in Osun East Senatorial district had a prevalence of 40% and above (threshold value established by the RAPLOA development study). It is noteworthy that Osun/Ife East boarders Ondo State, Nigeria where high prevalence of Loa loa with intense biting of crysops in forest areas has been reported [ 20 ][ 21 ]. Also out of the twelve communities surveyed for L .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-endemicity of Loiasis and Onchocerciasis in Rain Forest Communities in Southwestern Nigeria

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundLoiasis is currently receiving attention as a disease of public health importance because of the possibility of increased risk of developing neurologic serious adverse event following mass ivermectin treatment against onchocerciasis in individual co-infected with Onchocerca volvulus and Loa loa.Methodology/Principal FindingsRapid assessment procedure for loiasis (RAPLOA) was conducted in 12 communities covering the 3 senatorial districts of Osun State, Nigeria. A total of 960 people were interviewed for history of eye worm using the WHO guidelines for rapid assessment. The survey confirmed the presence of loiasis in all the 12 communities with 4 in Osun East/Ife south senatorial district being at high risk with a prevalence of over 40%. Based on the RAPLOA results, communities within Osun East/Ife south senatorial district were selected for microfilaraemic assessment of L. loa and O. volvulus. A total of 1115 and 1091 individuals were screened for L. loa and O. volvulus microfilaria worms respectively. 160 (14.3%) had L. loa microfilaria detected in their blood with 8 (5.0%) individuals having L. loa loads above 8000 mf/ml. 166 (15.2%) subjects had O. volvulus microfilaria (range 4-504 mf/ml) detected in their skin snip. 30 (2.69%) subjects were co-infected with both L. loa and O. volvulus. There was a significant variation in the prevalence (2.1% to 33.3%) of onchocerciasis in the communities studied (p = 0.001). Five (41.7%) of the studied communities had a prevalence that is equal to or greater than 20%.Conclusions/SignificanceLow prevalence of onchocerciasis and loiasis co-infection in this study suggests that loiasis may not pose a serious epidemiological threat to the continuous distribution and sustainability of ivermectin for the treatment of onchocerciasis. Evaluation of the interruption of onchocerciasis transmissions in this region using all the indicators set forth by WHO is therefore suggested.

show abstract

“…More so, accurate detection of the infection rates in vector populations is essential for assessing transmission, deciding when drug treatments may be stopped, and monitoring recrudescence [12]. Several studies have documented reduction of the prevalence and intensity of loiasis in the human population after treatment with Ivermectin [13][14][15][16]; however, there is little information about the infection rate of the vectors after chemotherapy. In a well organised control program where Ivermectin would deplete micro lariae in the host, Chrysops ies would tend to take up lower numbers of mf in their blood meals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification for the detection of Loa loa infection in Chrysops spp in experimental and natural field conditions

Amambo

Abong

Fombad

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: The Mass Drug Administration of ivermectin for onchocerciasis control has contributed to a significant drop in Loa loa microfilaria loads in humans that led to reduction of the levels of infection in Chrysops vectors. Accurate parasite detection is essential for assessing loiasis transmission; as such a potential alternative or an indirect strategy to address the problem co-endemic loiasis presents to the LF and onchocerciasis elimination programme and also, further reflecting the true magnitude of the loiasis problem as excess human mortality has been reported to be associated with the disease. Although microscopy is the gold standard for detecting the infection, its sensitivity is compromised when the intensity of infection is low. The Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) of parasite DNA is an alternative method for detecting infection which offers operational simplicity, rapidity and versatility of visual readout options. This study aimed at validating the Loa loa LAMP assay for the detection of infected Chrysops spp. under experimental and natural field conditions. Methods: Two sets of 18 flies were fed on volunteers with either a low (<10mf/ml) or high (>30,000mf/ml) microfilarial load. The fed flies were maintained under laboratory conditions for 14 days and then analysed with LAMP for the detection of L. loa infection. In addition, a total of 9,270 flies were collected from the North West, East, and South West regions of Cameroon using sweep nets and subjected to microscopy (7,841 flies) and LAMP (1,291 flies plus 138 nulliparous flies) analyses. Results: LAMP assay successfully detected parasites in Chrysops fed on both low and high microfilariaemic volunteers. Field validation and surveillance studies phase revealed LAMP-based infection rates ranging from 0.5 % to 31.6 %, with the lowest levels in the South West 2 and highest infection rates in South West 1. LAMP assay detected significantly higher infection rates than microscopy in 4 of 5 study sites. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the potential of LAMP as a simple surveillance tool, and is more sensitive than microscopy for the detection of experimental and natural L. loa infections in Chrysops vectors.

show abstract

Prevalences of loiasis in Ondo state, Nigeria, as evaluated by the rapid assessment procedure for loiasis (RAPLOA)

Cited by 7 publications

References 32 publications

Assessment of Loiasis and Outcomes of Ivermectin Masstreatment in Ijebu-North, Nigeria

Assessment of Loiasis and Outcomes of Ivermectin Masstreatment in Ijebu-North, Nigeria

Co-endemicity of Loiasis and Onchocerciasis in Rain Forest Communities in Southwestern Nigeria

Validation of Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification for the detection of Loa loa infection in Chrysops spp in experimental and natural field conditions

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About