Prevention

and, Robert H Purcell; Emerson, Suzanne U.

doi:10.1002/9780470987131.ch42

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…Hepatitis E virus is a major cause of acute hepatitis . An estimated 14 million symptomatic cases of HEV infection, with 300 000 deaths and 5200 stillborn, occur annually in the world, mainly in developing countries of the Indian subcontinent, Southeast and Central Asia, Middle East, and northern and western parts of Africa .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E virus: neutralizing sites, diagnosis, and protective immunity

Zhang

et al. 2012

Reviews in Medical Virology

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There have been increased attentions on HEV and its associated diseases in recent years as a result of an increased number of reports on autochthonous patients from many developed countries. Vaccine development and better disease management are expected from protective immunity with increased knowledge on the pathogenesis and virology of HEV. This review summarizes the current understanding of the HEV virology, the key neutralization sites (epitopes) on the surface of the viral capsid, the host humoral immune responses for HEV infection, and the protective immunity conferred by natural infection and vaccination. Recombinant VLPs were prepared to mimic the protective and neutralizing epitopes on the virion surface, thus being capable of eliciting protective immunity when injected to nonhuman primates or human volunteers during preclinical tests and clinical trials. Four markers-viral RNA, anti-HEV IgM, anti-HEV IgG, and low avidity of anti-HEV IgG-are important in the diagnosis of HEV infection, particularly for patients presenting with acute hepatitis symptoms. This toolbox of genomic and immunological assays is valuable in furthering our understanding of the time course of HEV infection and the subsequent hepatitis during preclinical and clinical development of an efficacious vaccine. Two vaccine candidates had shown good tolerability, high immunogenicity, and high efficacy against symptomatic and/or asymptomatic HEV infection. One of them has been licensed in China recently. However, many issues need to be resolved before new technological progresses can benefit the people who need them most.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E virus: neutralizing sites, diagnosis, and protective immunity

Zhang

et al. 2012

Reviews in Medical Virology

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“…It is estimated that one-third of the world’s population has been infected with the virus [2]. An estimated 14 million symptomatic cases of HEV infection, with 300,000 deaths and 5,200 stillborns, occur annually in the world, mainly in developing countries of the Indian subcontinent, Southeast and Central Asia, the Middle East, and northern and western parts of Africa [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigenic determinants of hepatitis E virus and vaccine-induced immunogenicity and efficacy

Zhao

Zhang

et al. 2012

J Gastroenterol

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There is emerging evidence for an under-recognized hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a human pathogen. Among different reasons for this neglect are the unsatisfactory performance and under-utilization of commercial HEV diagnostic kits; for instance, the number of anti-HEV IgM kits marketed in China is about one-fifth of that of hepatitis A kits. Over the last two decades, substantial progress has been achieved in furthering our knowledge on the HEV-specific immune responses, antigenic features of HEV virions, and development of serological assays and more recently prophylactic vaccines. This review will focus on presenting the evidence of the importance of HEV infection for certain cohorts such as pregnant women, the key antigenic determinants of the virus, and immunogenicity and clinical efficacy conferred by a newly developed prophylactic vaccine. Robust immunogenicity, greater than 195-fold and approximately 50-fold increase of anti-HEV IgG level in seronegative and seropositive vaccinees, respectively, as well as impressive clinical efficacy of this vaccine was demonstrated. The protection rate against the hepatitis E disease and the virus infection was shown to be 100 % (95 % CI 75–100) and 78 % (95 % CI 66–86), respectively.

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“…A third of the world's human population may have been infected with hepatitis E virus (HEV), the prototype of the family Hepeviridae (59). HEVs are small, nonenveloped viruses with an approximately 7,200-nucleotide (nt) positive-sense, singlestranded RNA genome.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bats Worldwide Carry Hepatitis E Virus-Related Viruses That Form a Putative Novel Genus within the Family Hepeviridae

Drexler

Seelen

Corman

et al. 2012

J Virol

242

200

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the most common causes of acute hepatitis in tropical and temperate climates. Tropical genotypes 1 and 2 are associated with food-borne and waterborne transmission. Zoonotic reservoirs (mainly pigs, wild boar, and deer) are considered for genotypes 3 and 4, which exist in temperate climates. In view of the association of several zoonotic viruses with bats, we analyzed 3,869 bat specimens from 85 different species and from five continents for hepevirus RNA. HEVs were detected in African, Central American, and European bats, forming a novel phylogenetic clade in the family Hepeviridae . Bat hepeviruses were highly diversified and comparable to human HEV in sequence variation. No evidence for the transmission of bat hepeviruses to humans was found in over 90,000 human blood donations and individual patient sera. Full-genome analysis of one representative virus confirmed formal classification within the family Hepeviridae . Sequence- and distance-based taxonomic evaluations suggested that bat hepeviruses constitute a distinct genus within the family Hepeviridae and that at least three other genera comprising human, rodent, and avian hepeviruses can be designated. This may imply that hepeviruses invaded mammalian hosts nonrecently and underwent speciation according to their host restrictions. Human HEV-related viruses in farmed and peridomestic animals might represent secondary acquisitions of human viruses, rather than animal precursors causally involved in the evolution of human HEV.

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Prevention

Cited by 13 publications

References 103 publications

Hepatitis E virus: neutralizing sites, diagnosis, and protective immunity

Hepatitis E virus: neutralizing sites, diagnosis, and protective immunity

Antigenic determinants of hepatitis E virus and vaccine-induced immunogenicity and efficacy

Bats Worldwide Carry Hepatitis E Virus-Related Viruses That Form a Putative Novel Genus within the Family Hepeviridae

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