Prevention of pre-harvest aflatoxin production and the effect of different harvest times on peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL.) fatty acids

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between aflatoxin and fatty acids and to determine the optimum harvest time to avoid pre-harvest aflatoxin formation. It was established that harvest time had statistically significant effects on the levels of saturated fatty acids: myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), heptadecanoic acid (C17:0), stearic acid (C18:0), arachidic acid (C20:0), behenic acid (C22:0), lignoceric acid (C24:0), monounsaturated fatty acids; palmitoleic acid (C16:1), heptadecenoic acid (C17:1), oleic acid (C18:1) and gadoleic acid (C20:1); and on polyunsaturated fatty acids: linoleic acid (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3). By delaying the harvest time, the ratio of saturated fatty acids decreased and unsaturated fatty acids increased. It was shown that the longer harvesting was delayed, the greater the quantity of oleic acid that was produced. Before harvest time, if the soil moisture was 5% or higher, aflatoxin was produced by fungi. It was found that the weather conditions of the region were suitable for aflatoxin production. Soil moisture appears to be more important than soil temperature for aflatoxin formation. The production of aflatoxin was not observed in the first and second harvests, both of which are at early harvest times. It was found that aflatoxin B1 during harvest time was the most significant of the four toxins. The third harvest time, which is the most widely used, was observed to have significant problems due to aflatoxin formation. Therefore, it is suggested as a result of this study that the harvest of peanuts must be done considering seed yield before the middle of September to avoid aflatoxin formation at harvest time.

Metabolites Identified during Varied Doses of Aspergillus Species in Zea mays Grains, and Their Correlation with Aflatoxin Levels

“…Arachidic acid is a saturated fatty acid present in corn oil and peanut oil [ 85 , 86 ]; it is related to elevated aflatoxins and delayed peanut harvest. [ 87 ]. Its production by A. flavus and A. parasiticus grown on malt extract agar has been reported [ 88 ] , as has its presence in plant pathogens including A. flavus , A nidulans , A. niger , and F. moniliforme (now termed F. verticillioides ) [ 88 , 89 , 90 ].…”

“…Palmitic acid supports aflatoxin production [ 92 , 93 , 94 ] and is not inhibitory to A. flavus and A. parasiticus [ 88 ]. However, delayed harvest in peanuts is associated with higher levels of palmitic acid and increased aflatoxin levels [ 87 ]. Stearic acid is a fatty acid present in the maize kernel [ 95 , 96 ], and it is reported to stimulate the growth of A. flavus and A. parasiticus, aflatoxin production [ 93 , 97 , 98 ], and to be attractive to insect pests and pathogens of maize [ 99 ].…”

Efecto del momento de arrancado y la permanencia del cultivo en andana sobre el rendimiento, calidad lipídica y sanidad del grano de maní

“…Este comportamiento ha sido registrado por Gullouglu et al ( 2016) y Arioglu et al (2018) en cultivares tipo Virginia. El incremento en el nivel de madurez de las vainas se explica por la mayor acumulación térmica durante el ciclo del cultivo (Rowland et al, 2006;Gamba et al, 2020) que al prolongarse por el retraso en el momento de recolección, beneficia la actividad anabólica sobre todo en la fracción lipídica (Canavar y Kaynak, 2013b). Se debe tener en cuenta que establecer el momento de arrancado solo sobre la base del máximo grado de madurez, no asegura la recolección del mayor número de vainas (Kaba et al, 2014).…”

“…Si bien la formación continua de vainas aumenta con el período de crecimiento, la determinación del momento de cosecha es fundamental para lograr la máxima productividad y calidad (Jordan et al, 2016;Pereira dos Santos et al, 2013;Zuza et al, 2017). Al respecto, evaluaciones realizadas con maní de diferentes variedades en condiciones distintas a las de la provincia de Córdoba reportaron que el retraso en el momento de cosecha favorece el rendimiento y la composición lipídica (Canavar y Kaynak, 2013ay 2013bGulluoglu et al, 2016;Bakal y Arioglu, 2019) así como el grado de madurez de las vainas (Branch et al, 2010;Gulluoglu et al, 2016;Arioglu et al, 2018). Por otro lado, Young et al (1982) informaron pérdidas en cantidad y calidad al postergar el momento de la recolección.…”

Aflatoxin Management Strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa

“…Fungal spores reside on crop debris, in soils and can be air-borne when dispersed by wind. Spores can also be carried by insects and birds directly to the grains and thereby contaminate them [34][35][36].…”