Prevention of unfavourable effects of cigarette smoke on flap viability using botulinum toxin in random pattern flaps: An experimental study

Association of Electronic Cigarette Vaping and Cigarette Smoking With Decreased Random Flap Viability in Rats

“…Initially, this finding may indicate that e-cigarettes are less harmful overall than traditional cigarettes, but the implications of e-cigarettes for wound healing and patient outcomes remain unknown. Most of these studies point to the vasoconstrictive and immunogenic properties of nicotine as a factor in tissue ischemia and poor reconstructive surgical outcomes . Therefore, e-cigarettes, many of which use fluids with equal or higher concentrations of nicotine than contained in traditional cigarettes, could also affect wound healing in a deleterious manner.…”

“…Our exposure protocol was based on previously employed methods described by Karayel et al and Manchio et al Rats in the experimental group were exposed to e-cigarette vapor and rats in the positive control group were exposed to traditional cigarette smoke by being placed into a smoking chamber for 30 minutes twice a day for 30 consecutive days. The smoking chamber was a modified anaerobic box chamber (Figure 1) designed by the Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory of the US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging and obtained from Tufts University School of Medicine (Boston, Massachusetts) …”

“…The dorsal hair was shaved, and the surgical field was cleaned with povidone-iodine (Betadine; Purdue Pharma LP). A standard rostral MacFarlane 3-cm by 9-cm flap was created, including all skin layers to the underlying fascia . The flap was reapproximated to the original position using skin staples (Figure 2).…”

“…The unfavorable association of traditional cigarette smoking with wound healing and flap viability has been well documented . However, the literature on how e-cigarettes affect wound healing and flap viability is lacking.…”

Food Poisoning Caused by Bacteria (Food Toxins)

“…They are double-blind studies with placebo control. The positive action of the Botulinum toxin (BTX) has been characterized when administered to cells previously exposed to cigarette smoke; this suggests that it is a preventive agent to reduce the risk of necrosis in the respiratory tissue of patients who smoke [111][112][113].…”