Primary and Secondary Blood Hyperviscosity Syndromes, and Syndromes Associated with Blood Hyperviscosity

Forconi, S; Pieragalli, D.; Guerrini, M; Galigani, C.; Cappelli, Roberto

doi:10.2165/00003495-198700332-00006

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The altered rheological pattern accompanying essential hypertension belongs to the 'secondary' hyperviscosity syndromes, according to the classification by Di Perri and Forconi (Di Perri et al, 1983;Forconi et al, 1987). The 'primary' hyperviscosity syndromes are those in which a marked primary alteration of a blood component (circulating cell number, erythrocyte deformability or plasma viscosity) causes an increase in blood viscosity, often directly responsible for symptoms.…”

Section: The Hyperviscosity Syndrome In Arterial Hypertensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemorheological abnormalities in human arterial hypertension

Presti

Hopps

Caimi

2014

Korea-Aust. Rheol. J.

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Blood rheology is impaired in hypertensive patients. The alteration involves blood and plasma viscosity, and the erythrocyte behaviour is often abnormal. The hemorheological pattern appears to be related to some pathophysiological mechanisms of hypertension and to organ damage, in particular left ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial ischemia. Abnormalities have been observed in erythrocyte membrane fluidity, explored by fluorescence spectroscopy and electron spin resonance. This may be relevant for red cell flow in microvessels and oxygen delivery to tissues. Although blood viscosity is not a direct target of antihypertensive therapy, the rheological properties of blood play a role in the pathophysiology of arterial hypertension and its vascular complications.

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Section: The Hyperviscosity Syndrome In Arterial Hypertensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemorheological abnormalities in human arterial hypertension

Presti

Hopps

Caimi

2014

Korea-Aust. Rheol. J.

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“…Some controversy however still exist, and some authors have proposed that a more complex relationship between blood viscosity and cardiovascular disease might exist [Forconi et al 1987;Forconi and Gori, 2009]. For instance, small changes in viscosity above the normal values have been associated with a decrease in blood pressure, an observation that has been explained as the result of the stimulation of endothelium-dependent vasodilation mediated by the increased shear stress [Salazar Vazquez et al 2010].…”

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confidence: 99%

The distribution of whole blood viscosity, its determinants and relationship with arterial blood pressure in the community: cross-sectional analysis from the Gutenberg Health Study

Gori

Wild

Schnabel

et al. 2015

Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease

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Background: Blood viscosity has a role in modulating cardiovascular homeostasis; changes in this parameter have been associated with cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. However, it remains unclear whether these changes are (1) involved in the pathophysiology of disease, (2) an epiphenomenon, or (3) the expression of counterregulatory mechanisms. We report data on the normal values of blood viscosity and its association with cardiovascular risk factors, prevalent cardiovascular disease, and blood pressure in a large population-based cohort study. Methods and results: Viscosity was calculated using validated formulae and its associations were explored in 15,010 participants (mean 55.0, min–max: 35–74 years old; 49.5% women) from the Gutenberg Health Study as well as in a subgroup of 3223 subjects (61.1% women, mean age 49.2, min–max 35–74 years old) without risk factors or self-reported cardiovascular disease. Age- and gender-adjusted mean values for viscosity were defined. Regression models showed a relationship between classical risk factors and blood viscosity measures; the overall R2 of the multiple linear regression model was however as low as 0.067 and 0.049 for high and low shear stress viscosity, respectively. After correction for cardiovascular risk factors, there was a very mild association between viscosity and prevalent coronary artery disease and heart failure. Systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressure increased with increasing blood viscosity after correction for age and gender. Conclusions: We provide reference values for viscosity in a population-based cohort. Blood viscosity decreases in older subjects and shows a very mild association with cardiovascular risk factors and prevalent disease in our cohort. There is a linear positive association between viscosity and blood pressure.

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“…The first viscometers were introduced in medicine from the industry of tar, tooth paste and paints. With the introduction of these instruments, it became possible to discover the importance of variations in this parameter in both physiology and pathology [2][3][4][5]. It was probably in an excess of enthusiasm for this "new" parameter that it was postulated that conditions in which viscosity is primarily altered may be associated with cardiovascular disease (so-called "primary hyperviscosity syndromes") [4].…”

Section: S Forconi and T Gori / The Evolution Of The Meaning Of Blomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequently, Di Perri and Forconi introduced the concept of "secondary hyperviscosity syndromes" (Fig. 2) [2,3,5]: in these conditions, while not being the cause of the disease, hyperviscosity was seen in a bidirectional way, as a marker or epiphenomenon of a reduction in blood flow caused by variations in blood diameter. Whether a cause (primary hyperviscosity syndromes) or a consequence (secondary syndromes) of disease, hyperviscosity was always associated with a negative connotation, i.e., it was seen as a parameter that, by increasing peripheral resistances, would lead to impaired blood-tissue exchanges and ischemia.…”

Section: S Forconi and T Gori / The Evolution Of The Meaning Of Blomentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of the meaning of blood hyperviscosity in cardiovascular physiopathology: Should we reinterpret Poiseuille?

Forconi

Gori

2009

Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation

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In the 1960s and 1970s, a number of researchers (including ourselves) involved in the study of cardiovascular pathophysiology and particularly in the development of techniques to quantify blood flow, came across the observation that, along with vessel diameter, also blood viscosity plays an important role not only in theory but also in practice. Until then, viscosity was thought to play only a marginal role in determining blood flow, a concept which was based on the 1828 theories of Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille (Fig. 1, and [1]). 1 In his well-known formula, named after its fathers Hagen 2 and Poiseuille,

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Primary and Secondary Blood Hyperviscosity Syndromes, and Syndromes Associated with Blood Hyperviscosity

Cited by 17 publications

References 23 publications

Hemorheological abnormalities in human arterial hypertension

Hemorheological abnormalities in human arterial hypertension

The distribution of whole blood viscosity, its determinants and relationship with arterial blood pressure in the community: cross-sectional analysis from the Gutenberg Health Study

The evolution of the meaning of blood hyperviscosity in cardiovascular physiopathology: Should we reinterpret Poiseuille?

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