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Cervical cancer (CC) incidence rate made up about 5 % in overall women cancer incidence in Russia in 2015. CC morbidity rose by 24.47 % during 2005–2015. Despite the fact that aggregated standardized cancer mortality rates for both men and women during 2005–2015 declined, women CC mortality increased by 8.3 %. CC is the leading cancer mortality cause in women aged 30–39 years. Moreover growth of oral and pharynx cancer incidence rates in both genders as well as penile cancer in men all indicate to an unfavorable trend. The present Review part contains data on HPV-associated cancers in Russia, vertical HPV transition as well as preventive HPV vaccines.
Cervical cancer (CC) incidence rate made up about 5 % in overall women cancer incidence in Russia in 2015. CC morbidity rose by 24.47 % during 2005–2015. Despite the fact that aggregated standardized cancer mortality rates for both men and women during 2005–2015 declined, women CC mortality increased by 8.3 %. CC is the leading cancer mortality cause in women aged 30–39 years. Moreover growth of oral and pharynx cancer incidence rates in both genders as well as penile cancer in men all indicate to an unfavorable trend. The present Review part contains data on HPV-associated cancers in Russia, vertical HPV transition as well as preventive HPV vaccines.
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) of the high-risk types cause carcinomas in cervix uteri, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, as well as in certain sites of head and neck – oral cavity, oropharynx, tonsils, larynx. HPV of types 16 and 18 are the most widespread ones. Papillomaviruses of low oncogenic risk, HPV of types 6 and 11, cause recurrent respiratory papillomatosis and anogenital warts. Preventive vaccinations against HPV are not included into the National mandatory immunization schedule in Russia; however, they are being executed in several country areas in a form of regional programs. Substantial contingents are not embraced by the procedures as yet. A family can make decision of its own whether to vaccinate the adolescent child on paid basis. To make decision in favor of vaccination complete awareness is needful on the HPV infection consequences. As far as viruses of the given group became primarily known as cervical cancer etiological agents certain risk persists of “feminization” of notions about unfavorable effects of the HPV infection thus resulting in debates on usefulness of boys’ preventive vaccination.In this connection the purpose of the review was consideration of HPV effects on male reproductive potential. Oncogenic HPVs are frequently found in healthy donors’ sperm. HPV DNA can penetrate from sperm into oocyte under experimental conditions. Seminal fluid of HPV-positive males is a storage tank of the virus as well as the source of its distribution throughout population. DNA of oncogenic HPV was detected in endosomes of seminal lymphocytes. The latter fact opposes the canonic notion of strict HPV epitheliotropy. Correlation exists between the seminal fluid HPV-positivity of a certain man and his fertility drop. Reproductologists believe failures of some married couples when using assisted reproductive technologies may result from partner’s seminal HPV positivity. The successful attempt is known of semen parameters’ normalization in men with reduced fertility after inoculation with the quadrivalent Gardasil vaccine.It seems reasonable to consider the data on unfavorable effects of HPV infection on male reproductive potential as an argument for boys’ preventive HPV vaccination. It would help not only to prevent the HPV-associated oncological diseases in men but the distribution of the given infection around the population as a whole; it would contribute to more successes in solving demographic problems.
Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И. М. Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 119991, Российская Федерация Резюме. Рак шейки матки, вызываемый вирусом папилломы человека (ВПЧ) 16 и 18 типов, является одним из самых распространенных злокачественных новообразований у женщин. Другие высокоонкогенные типы вируса способствуют возникновению рака влагалища, вульвы, пениса, анального канала, злокачественных новообразований головы и шеи. Низкоонкогенные типы ВПЧ, такие как 6 и 11, могут быть причиной аногенитальных бородавок и папилломатоза верхних дыхательных путей. Эти заболевания возможно предотвратить с помощью вакцинации до инфицирования вирусом. Цель работы: систематизация актуальных данных по профилактике ВПЧ-ассоциированных заболеваний с помощью вакцинации. В настоящее время в мире зарегистрированы три вакцины против вируса папилломы человека -Церварикс ® , Гардасил ® и Гардасил ® 9. Обширные клинические и пострегистрационные исследования свидетельствуют о безопасности и высокой эффективности данных вакцин (до 100%) в отношении возникновения интраэпителиальных неоплазий шейки матки, вульвы и влагалища при введении их пациенткам, не инфицированным данными типами вируса ранее. Однако существует ряд нерешенных вопросов, стимулирующих проведение дальнейших клинических исследований по поиску универсальной вакцины. Прежде всего эффективность указанных вакцин ограничена включенными типами ВПЧ. Только в 2011 г. был поднят вопрос о необходимости вакцинации лиц мужского пола. Также периодически происходит пересмотр рекомендаций по кратности вакцинации вследствие появления новых результатов исследований иммуногенности вакцины. Снижение кратности иммунизации особенно актуально для развивающихся стран с ограниченными финансовыми ресурсами и высокой заболеваемостью раком шейки матки. Таким образом, для достижения элиминации ВПЧ во всем мире необходимо проведение глобальных программ вакцинации, в том числе оптимальных по доступности и кратности вакцинации для развивающихся стран, увеличение охвата вакцинацией по возрасту и полу, а также расширение программ скрининга в области онкологии. Ключевые слова: вирус папилломы человека; ВПЧ вакцинация; церварикс; гардасил; рак шейки матки
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