Primers for amplifying ~820 bp of highly polymorphic mitochondrial COI gene of Gyrodactylus salaris

Meinilä, Maria; Kuusela, Jussi; Ziętara, Marek S.; Lumme, Jaakko

doi:10.1034/j.1601-5223.2002.1370110.x

Cited by 45 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Preliminary estimates of the divergence rate of ITS segments (5.5%/Myr) lead to quite an early history, which roughly fits with the estimated evolutionary time of Eurasian cyprinids. The faster evolution of mitochondrial DNA sequences may allow testing the host switch cospeciation hypotheses even in the Pleistocene time scale, at intraspecific level (Meinilä et al 2002). The mechanisms must be there, and the suggested speciation by host switch de facto occurs long before it is manifested in morphological characteristics or in conservative DNA sequences.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The host species spectrum is not at all complete; only 23 G. (Limnonephrotus) species are studied here of the 20000 to 100,000 in the whole genus, and only a few individuals of each species have been sequenced. The sequenced molecule reveals only about 10% of the variation available by mitochodrial markers (Meinilä et al 2002). However, the explicit conclusions made are considered to be robust.…”

Section: Density and Coverage Of Sampling With Respect Of Parasites Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Expansion to many more host species would expand the number of parasites proportionally. Sampling and sequencing more specimens from the same hosts would increase the number of taxa by many undescribed species , and sequencing more rapidly evolving markers (like mtDNA) would increase the number of separable strains by a factor of five or more, as has happened within G. salaris (Meinilä et al 2002).…”

Section: Density and Coverage Of Sampling With Respect Of Parasites Amentioning

confidence: 99%

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Speciation by Host Switch and Adaptive Radiation in a Fish Parasite Genus Gyrodactylus (Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae)

2002

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Abstract. Four hundred Gyrodactylus species have been formally described, but the estimated number of species in this fish ectoparasite genus of Monogenean Platyhelminthes is more than 20,000. The unusually high species richness has lead to the hypotheses of speciation and adaptive radiation via host switching. These hypotheses were tested by reconstructing a molecular phylogeny for the subgenus G. (Limnonephrotus) which is a group of freshwater parasites, including five species infecting wild and farmed salmonids. The highly variable ITS1 and ITS2 segments and the conservative 5.8S ribosomal gene were sequenced in 22 species plus two species representing the subgenus G. (Paranephrotus) as an outgroup. The phylogeny was compared with host systematics: the species were collected from six fish families (Cyprinidae, Salmonidae, Percidae, Esocidae, Gasterosteidae, and Gobitidae). The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that G. (Limnonephrotus) is a monophyletic group that was originally hosted by cyprinids. The speciation has occurred in two episodes, the older one manifested in genetic distances 25-33% (4-6 Myr BP). The latter speciation burst occurred in one clade only, perhaps one million years ago. This clade has been morphologically identified as a wageneri species group. It is a monophyletic group of 18 species [studied here] and contains all five salmonid parasites, but also parasites, on cyprinids, percids, esocids, and gasterosteids. In G. (Limnonephrotus), eight host switches crossing the host family barrier were observed, and at least three of them were followed by repetitive speciation. Seven host-switch events were statistically confirmed by bootstrapping. The suggested model of speciation by host switch was accepted, and interestingly the adaptive radiation seems to be a consequence of host switch to a new family (key innovation model). The molecular and ecological evolution rate of Gyrodactylus parasites is manyfold in comparison to host species, and the phylogenies are largely independent and disconnected.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Density and Coverage Of Sampling With Respect Of Parasites Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Density and Coverage Of Sampling With Respect Of Parasites Amentioning

confidence: 99%

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Speciation by Host Switch and Adaptive Radiation in a Fish Parasite Genus Gyrodactylus (Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae)

2002

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“…The intergenic spacer (IGS) of ribosomal RNA genes have also been tested for G. salaris and G. thymalli , Sterud et al 2002, Hansen et al 2006. The subunit 1 of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COI) gene may also be used successfully to differentiate species and local Gyrodactylus strains (Meinilä et al 2002(Meinilä et al , 2004Hansen et al 2003Hansen et al , 2007. Molecular techniques were necessary to discriminate and describe morphologically almost identical species within several Gyrodactylus groups such as G. teuchis versus G. salaris , G. jussii vs. G. macronychus and G. alexgusevi vs. G. lotae (Ziêtara and Lumme 2003), G. pictae vs. G. turnbulli (Cable et al 2005), and a number of G. rugiensis-like and G. arcuatus-like species on marine gobies (Huyse et al 2004) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Gyrodactylus ectoparasites in Polish salmonid farms by PCR-RFLP of the nuclear ITS segment of ribosomal DNA (Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae)

Rokicka

Lumme

Ziętara

2007

Acta Parasitologica

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The Gyrodactylus fauna of 274 fish taken from ten salmonid farms in Poland was sampled in 2006. Four fish species were investigated: rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, brown trout Salmo trutta (morphs fario, lacustris, and trutta), grayling Thymallus thymallus and huchen Hucho hucho. No parasites were observed on huchen. No indications of gyrodactylosis were observed, but an unexpected parasite species diversity was found. A molecular species identification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of ITS1 + 5.8S + ITS2 was utilized, with addition of morphometric methods. The most frequent parasite was a new record in Poland, G. teuchis. It was present in two molecular forms on brown trout and rainbow trout, which also carried G. derjavinoides and G. truttae. Three molecular forms of G. salaris/G. thymalli were found, the standard type ITS only on grayling. A heterozygous (or heterogenic) G. salaris type described earlier in Denmark was found in seven farms on rainbow trout, and a complementary homozygous clone which differs from the standard by three nucleotides, in two farms. This homozygous form has not been recorded earlier. The PCR-RFLP results were confirmed by sequencing ITS segment from representative specimens of each type and comparing them with all available salmonid-specific Gyrodactylus sequences in GenBank. The Polish fauna with seven different Gyrodactylus clones separated by PCR-RFLP was the most diverse reported in fish farms in any country so far.

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“…Sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has revealed an unexpected scale of diversity and geographical structure in the natural Baltic range on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. ), as well as on different host species like rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (W.) and Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.) (Meinilä et al 2002(Meinilä et al , 2004Hansen et al 2003Hansen et al , 2006Hansen et al , 2007aRobertsen et al 2007). The mtDNA offers high resolution for separating numerous host-specific and geographically separated strains of salmon parasites and those on grayling, Thymallus thymallus (L.) (which are also called G. thymalli Žitňan).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introgression of distant mitochondria into the genome of Gyrodactylus salaris: Nuclear and mitochondrial markers are necessary to identify parasite strains

Ziętara

Rokicka

Stojanovski

et al. 2010

Acta Parasitologica

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Novel combinations of mitochondrial DNA (CO1) and internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS) were detected among Gyrodactylus parasites on brown trout (Salmo trutta L.), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)), and Ohrid trout (Salmo letnica (Karaman)) from salmonid farms in Poland and Macedonia. Some clones differed from standard ITS only by ≤ 4 nucleotides, but they belonged to a mtDNA clade that differed from the Northern European lineages of G. salaris by d MCL = 0.266 ± 0.108 (maximum composite likelihood distance). The divergence of d MCL = 0.013 ± 0.005 within the alien mtDNA clade suggested introgression from an unknown maternal ancestor into the G. salaris Malmberg genome 137 to 57 kyr ago (or, less probably, repeated introgression). A comparable modern hybrid was detected based on permanently heterozygous ITS (28 bp/1264 = 2.2%) in a clone that is widespread throughout Finnish rainbow trout farms. This was a F 1 hybrid of maternal G. pomeraniae Kuusela, Ziętara et Lumme (on roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.)) and G. lavareti Malmberg (on whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus (L.)). The mtDNA of the parental species differed by d MCL = 0.290 ± 0.130. The observations emphasize that both nuclear and maternally-inherited DNA markers are necessary to characterize sexually-produced lineages or clones of Gyrodactylus. The hybridization events demonstrated predict incongruence of mitochondrial vs. nuclear gene trees, i.e., reticulate evolution in species trees.

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Primers for amplifying ~820 bp of highly polymorphic mitochondrial COI gene of Gyrodactylus salaris

Cited by 45 publications

References 16 publications

Speciation by Host Switch and Adaptive Radiation in a Fish Parasite Genus Gyrodactylus (Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae)

Speciation by Host Switch and Adaptive Radiation in a Fish Parasite Genus Gyrodactylus (Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae)

Identification of Gyrodactylus ectoparasites in Polish salmonid farms by PCR-RFLP of the nuclear ITS segment of ribosomal DNA (Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae)

Introgression of distant mitochondria into the genome of Gyrodactylus salaris: Nuclear and mitochondrial markers are necessary to identify parasite strains

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