Primes and targets in rapid chases: Tracing sequential waves of motor activation.

Schmidt, Thomas; Niehaus, Silja; Nagel, Annabel

doi:10.1037/0735-7044.120.5.1005

Cited by 72 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In several studies, Schmidt and Schmidt (2009) and Schmidt, Niehaus, and Nagel (2006) investigated the effects of unconsciously (or preconsciously) processed information on pointing movements: They found that the initial trajectory of a pointing movement is guided by feedforward-processed visual information. Interestingly, both the results obtained by Schmidt and coworkers, and the results we obtained in Experiment 3 share one critical feature: Both prosaccades and pointing movements do not require a spatial transformation or remapping of a response, and are completely stimulus-driven.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Act Quickly, Decide Later: Long-latency Visual Processing Underlies Perceptual Decisions but Not Reflexive Behavior

Jolij¹,

Scholte

Gaal

et al. 2011

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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Abstract■ Humans largely guide their behavior by their visual representation of the world. Recent studies have shown that visual information can trigger behavior within 150 msec, suggesting that visually guided responses to external events, in fact, precede conscious awareness of those events. However, is such a view correct? By using a texture discrimination task, we show that the brain relies on long-latency visual processing in order to guide perceptual decisions. Decreasing stimulus saliency leads to selective changes in long-latency visually evoked potential components reflecting scene segmentation. These latency changes are accompanied by almost equal changes in simple RTs and points of subjective simultaneity. Furthermore, we find a strong correlation between individual RTs and the latencies of scene segmentation related components in the visually evoked potentials, showing that the processes underlying these late brain potentials are critical in triggering a response. However, using the same texture stimuli in an antisaccade task, we found that reflexive, but erroneous, prosaccades, but not antisaccades, can be triggered by earlier visual processes. In other words: The brain can act quickly, but decides late. Differences between our study and earlier findings suggesting that action precedes conscious awareness can be explained by assuming that task demands determine whether a fast and unconscious, or a slower and conscious, representation is used to initiate a visually guided response. ■

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Act Quickly, Decide Later: Long-latency Visual Processing Underlies Perceptual Decisions but Not Reflexive Behavior

Jolij¹,

Scholte

Gaal

et al. 2011

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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show abstract

“…Recent evidence suggests that visuomotor activation in response priming paradigms can be explained exclusively by successive waves of feedforward motor activation triggered by primes and targets (Schmidt, Niehaus, & Nagel, 2006). At the same time, recent theories (Di Lollo, Enns, & Rensink, 2000;Lamme, 2002;Lamme & Roelfsema, 2000) stress the importance of intracortical feedback and recurrent processing as necessary conditions for visual awareness.…”

Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Criteria for unconscious cognition: Three types of dissociation

Schmidt

Vorberg

2006

Perception & Psychophysics

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143

208

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“…These studies have shown that inconsistent primes are able to mislead pointing movements in the wrong direction, such that the initial behavioral response is time-locked to the prime, first proceeds in the direction specified by the prime, and only then proceeds in the target direction (F. T. Schmidt, 2002;T. Schmidt, Niehaus, & Nagel, 2006;T.…”

Section: Motor Activation In Response Primingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mask-triggered thrust reversal in the negative compatibility effect

Schmidt

Hauch

Schmidt

2015

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Rapid motor responses to visual stimuli can involve both the activation and inhibition of motor responses. Here, we trace the early processing dynamics of response generation, examining whether activation and inhibition events form a strict sequence when elicited by sequential stimuli, as we would expect if motor events are driven by fast, stimulustriggered feedforward sweeps. We employed identical stimuli in two complementary paradigms. In response priming, responses to a target stimulus are speeded or slowed by a masked prime triggering the same or an alternative response, respectively. By prolonging the prime-target interval, the response-priming effect can reverse to form the negative compatibility effect (NCE), especially when the mask contains response-relevant features. We report two experiments in which primed pointing movements going in ten possible directions were measured with response-relevant, response-irrelevant, or no masks interleaved between the primes and targets, while selective visual attention was varied. We showed that in response priming, initial responses are controlled exclusively by the prime. In the NCE, however, even the earliest movement phase is controlled jointly by the prime, mask, and target information, and a massive force in counterdirection to the primed response reverses the priming effects specifically for slow responses. We conclude that response priming reflects a strict sequence of feedforward response activations, whereas the activation/inhibition events in the NCE are not strictly serial, but integrate information from the different stimuli over time. Even though the mask features and visual attention modulate the NCE, its major source is a mask-induced, direction-specific thrust reversal of the initial response.

show abstract

Primes and targets in rapid chases: Tracing sequential waves of motor activation.

Cited by 72 publications

References 45 publications

Act Quickly, Decide Later: Long-latency Visual Processing Underlies Perceptual Decisions but Not Reflexive Behavior

Act Quickly, Decide Later: Long-latency Visual Processing Underlies Perceptual Decisions but Not Reflexive Behavior

Criteria for unconscious cognition: Three types of dissociation

Mask-triggered thrust reversal in the negative compatibility effect

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