Priming and Human Memory Systems

Tulving, Endel; Schacter, Daniel L.

doi:10.1126/science.2296719

Cited by 2,349 publications

(1,664 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Thus, these brain areas are likely to be involved specifically in the comprehension of distorted speech rather than in speech comprehension in general. Interestingly, bilateral activations within the ACC, the FP, and in the frontal operculum have been associated with the retrieval mode in which incoming sensory information is treated as a “retrieval cue” for information stored in episodic memory (Lepage, Ghaffar, Nyberg, & Tulving, 2000; Tulving & Schacter, 1990). The retrieval mode has been shown to become activated in old‐new recognition judgments on whether an item has been previously presented (Lepage et al., 2000; Tulving et al., 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive processing increases intelligibility of acoustically distorted speech: Behavioral and neural correlates

et al. 2017

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IntroductionWe examined which brain areas are involved in the comprehension of acoustically distorted speech using an experimental paradigm where the same distorted sentence can be perceived at different levels of intelligibility. This change in intelligibility occurs via a single intervening presentation of the intact version of the sentence, and the effect lasts at least on the order of minutes. Since the acoustic structure of the distorted stimulus is kept fixed and only intelligibility is varied, this allows one to study brain activity related to speech comprehension specifically.MethodsIn a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment, a stimulus set contained a block of six distorted sentences. This was followed by the intact counterparts of the sentences, after which the sentences were presented in distorted form again. A total of 18 such sets were presented to 20 human subjects.ResultsThe blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD)‐responses elicited by the distorted sentences which came after the disambiguating, intact sentences were contrasted with the responses to the sentences presented before disambiguation. This revealed increased activity in the bilateral frontal pole, the dorsal anterior cingulate/paracingulate cortex, and the right frontal operculum. Decreased BOLD responses were observed in the posterior insula, Heschl's gyrus, and the posterior superior temporal sulcus.ConclusionsThe brain areas that showed BOLD‐enhancement for increased sentence comprehension have been associated with executive functions and with the mapping of incoming sensory information to representations stored in episodic memory. Thus, the comprehension of acoustically distorted speech may be associated with the engagement of memory‐related subsystems. Further, activity in the primary auditory cortex was modulated by prior experience, possibly in a predictive coding framework. Our results suggest that memory biases the perception of ambiguous sensory information toward interpretations that have the highest probability to be correct based on previous experience.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive processing increases intelligibility of acoustically distorted speech: Behavioral and neural correlates

et al. 2017

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“…Explicit memories (also called declarative memory) refer to the learning and memory of facts and events that require conscious recall (Tulving and Schacter, 1990). Explicit learning occurs within conscious awareness and with relatively little experience (Breese et al, 1989;Sharp et al, 1985).…”

Section: Acetylcholine and Explicit Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Acetylcholine in Cocaine Addiction

Williams

Adinoff²

2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

163

138

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Central nervous system cholinergic neurons arise from several discrete sources, project to multiple brain regions, and exert specific effects on reward, learning, and memory. These processes are critical for the development and persistence of addictive disorders. Although other neurotransmitters, including dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin, have been the primary focus of drug research to date, a growing preclinical literature reveals a critical role of acetylcholine (ACh) in the experience and progression of drug use. This review will present and integrate the findings regarding the role of ACh in drug dependence, with a primary focus on cocaine and the muscarinic ACh system. Mesostriatal ACh appears to mediate reinforcement through its effect on reward, satiation, and aversion, and chronic cocaine administration produces neuroadaptive changes in the striatum. ACh is further involved in the acquisition of conditional associations that underlie cocaine self-administration and context-dependent sensitization, the acquisition of associations in conditioned learning, and drug procurement through its effects on arousal and attention. Long-term cocaine use may induce neuronal alterations in the brain that affect the ACh system and impair executive function, possibly contributing to the disruptions in decision making that characterize this population. These primarily preclinical studies suggest that ACh exerts a myriad of effects on the addictive process and that persistent changes to the ACh system following chronic drug use may exacerbate the risk of relapse during recovery. Ultimately, ACh modulation may be a potential target for pharmacological treatment interventions in cocaine-addicted subjects. However, the complicated neurocircuitry of the cholinergic system, the multiple ACh receptor subtypes, the confluence of excitatory and inhibitory ACh inputs, and the unique properties of the striatal cholinergic interneurons suggest that a precise target of cholinergic manipulation will be required to impact substance use in the clinical population.

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“…In light of this background, the mere exposure effect falls into the same broad implicit memory category as perceptual priming, that is, the facilitation of or bias in the processing of a stimulus as a function of a recent encounter with that stimulus (Butler & Berry, 2004;Seamon et al, 1995). To explain this kind of implicit-explicit dissociation, some authors have proposed that perceptual priming may be mediated by a memory system (e.g., perceptual representation system or procedural memory system) separate from the system that mediates explicit memory (e.g., episodic or declarative memory system) (Cohen & Squire, 1980;Graf & Schacter, 1985;Seamon et al, 1995;Squire, 1992;Tulving & Schacter, 1990). Along these lines, it has been shown that in AD the extrastriatal cortex -where reduced activation is often associated with perceptual priming in the visual modality -remains considerably less prone to neurofibrillary tangle formation than the multimodal association and limbic cortices, which are known to be critical to the memory system that mediates explicit memory performance (Arnold, Hyman, Flory, Damasio, & Van Hoesen, 1991;Pietrini et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit/explicit memory dissociation in Alzheimer's disease: The consequence of inappropriate processing?

2008

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Dual-process theories of recognition posit that perceptual fluency contributes to both familiaritybased explicit recognition and perceptual priming. However, the priming-without-recognition dissociation, as observed through the intact mere exposure effect and impaired recognition in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), might indicate that familiarity and perceptual priming are functionally distinct. This study investigated whether the AD patients' processing strategies at testing may explain this priming-without-recognition dissociation. Firstly, we replicated the priming-without-recognition effect in 16 patients who exhibited intact exposure effects despite null recognition. Secondly, we showed that, under identical conditions, inducing a holistic processing strategy during recognition testing increased AD patients' recognition -performance was similar for AD patients and healthy control participants. Furthermore, prompting analytic processing during both priming and recognition tasks decreased AD patients' performance in both tasks. These findings suggest that the extent to which AD patients use perceptual fluency in priming and recognition tasks is contingent on their processing approach. The choice of processing strategy may depend on how difficult patients perceive the task to be.

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Priming and Human Memory Systems

Cited by 2,349 publications

References 80 publications

Predictive processing increases intelligibility of acoustically distorted speech: Behavioral and neural correlates

Predictive processing increases intelligibility of acoustically distorted speech: Behavioral and neural correlates

The Role of Acetylcholine in Cocaine Addiction

Implicit/explicit memory dissociation in Alzheimer's disease: The consequence of inappropriate processing?

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