2015
DOI: 10.1155/2016/1741072
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Primordial Germ Cells: Current Knowledge and Perspectives

Abstract: Infertility is a condition that occurs very frequently and understanding what defines normal fertility is crucial to helping patients. Causes of infertility are numerous and the treatment often does not lead to desired pregnancy especially when there is a lack of functional gametes. In humans, the primordial germ cell (PGC) is the primary undifferentiated stem cell type that will differentiate towards gametes: spermatozoa or oocytes. With the development of stem cell biology and differentiation protocols, PGC … Show more

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Cited by 80 publications
(61 citation statements)
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“…STELLA, together with OCT-3/4, appears to identify cells which may have more expansive developmental roles in formation of the allantois, hindgut, vasculature, and tailbud than previously suspected. We recognize that these findings challenge a long-held belief in the specification and journey of unipotent mammalian PGCs from allantois to endoderm to gonads, and note that recent authors in the field (e.g., Nikolic et al, 2016) have appeared unwilling to acknowledge prior literature that questions these beliefs (e.g., Mikedis and Downs, 2014). Nevertheless, as we continue to explore the events that build the posterior embryo and the fetal-umbilical junction, we maintain an open mind to the possibility that mouse PGC specification, if it truly occurs in the posterior region, occurs there at a later developmental timepoint, and not within the allantois.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 57%
“…STELLA, together with OCT-3/4, appears to identify cells which may have more expansive developmental roles in formation of the allantois, hindgut, vasculature, and tailbud than previously suspected. We recognize that these findings challenge a long-held belief in the specification and journey of unipotent mammalian PGCs from allantois to endoderm to gonads, and note that recent authors in the field (e.g., Nikolic et al, 2016) have appeared unwilling to acknowledge prior literature that questions these beliefs (e.g., Mikedis and Downs, 2014). Nevertheless, as we continue to explore the events that build the posterior embryo and the fetal-umbilical junction, we maintain an open mind to the possibility that mouse PGC specification, if it truly occurs in the posterior region, occurs there at a later developmental timepoint, and not within the allantois.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 57%
“…At E13.5, in the gonads, they initiate the sex differentiation either towards a spermatogenic (male) or to an oogenic (female) lineage development [1,2].…”
Section: Germline Stem Cells and Hypothalamus-pituitary-testis Axis (mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…pyroGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH 2 GnRH is produced from a 92-amino acid preprohormone in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus by GnRH neurons that originate in the nose and migrate into the brain, where they are scattered throughout the medial septum and hypothalamus and connected by dendrite long over 1 mm. They are regulated by several different afferent neurons and by different neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, GABA and glutamate.…”
Section: Germline Stem Cells and Hypothalamus-pituitary-testis Axis (mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In human embryos, they are already found in the primary ectoderm (epiblast) during the second week of development. 49 In 2011, Hayashi and his colleagues successfully transformed mouse ESC into cells similar to primordial germ cells. Moreover, they have shown the feasibility of differentiating ESC or IPSC into epiblast-like cells which gave rise to primordial germ cell-like cells when cultured in the presence of Bone morphogenic protein-4 (BMP4).…”
Section: Stem Cells In Male Reproductionmentioning
confidence: 99%