Principal component analysis of early alcohol, drug and tobacco use with major depressive disorder in US adults

Abstract

Early alcohol, tobacco and drug use prior to 18 years old are comorbid and correlated. This study included 6239 adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) in the past year and 72,010 controls from the combined data of 2013 and 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). To deal with multicollinearity existing among 17 variables related to early alcohol, tobacco and drug use prior to 18 years old, we used principal component analysis (PCA) to infer PC scores and then use weighted multiple logistic regression analyses to estimate the associations of potential factors and PC scores with MDD. The odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. The overall prevalence of MDD was 6.7%. The first four PCs could explain 57% of the total variance. Weighted multiple logistic regression showed that PC (a measure of psychotherapeutic drugs and illicit drugs other than marijuana use), PC (a measure of cocaine and hallucinogens), PC (a measure of early alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana use), and PC (a measure of cigar, smokeless tobacco use and illicit drugs use) revealed significant associations with MDD (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.08-1.16, OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.04-1.12, OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.07-1.18, and OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.09-1.21, respectively). In conclusion, PCA can be used to reduce the indicators in complex survey data. Early alcohol, tobacco and drug use prior to 18 years old were found to be associated with increased odds of adult MDD.

Handgrip strength and the risk of major depressive disorder: a two-sample Mendelian randomisation study

“…To verify the third assumption, we employed additional MR analysis to investigate whether genetic predisposition towards HGS is associated with the potential confounders underlying the affecting factors of HGS. For instance, more alcohol consumption is related to both reduced HGS13 and increased risk of MDD 14. Larger waist circumference was frequently found in patients with MDD, compared with the general population 15.…”

“…For instance, more alcohol consumption is related to both reduced HGS 13 and increased risk of MDD. 14 Larger waist circumference was frequently found in patients with MDD, compared with the general population. 15 In addition, an independent negative association was found between HGS and metabolism-related markers, including waist circumference, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), glucose and blood pressure (BP).…”

Substance use confounds associations between peer victimization and aggression in adolescence with mental disorders in adulthood: A prospective birth cohort study

“…Adolescent illicit substance use has been reported to elevate the risk of anxiety and mood disorder (Fergusson et al, 2002; Sareen et al, 2006; Wang et al, 2018). Moreover, adolescent smoking and frequent intoxication has been associated with SUD in young adulthood (Riala et al, 2004; Sarala et al, 2020).…”

Association between health behaviors and depression: findings from the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey

“…A recent systematic review 19 reports an association between smoking and major depression and the tendency of people with depression and anxiety to be heavy smokers. A study carried out in the United States found that the use of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs before the age of 18 is associated with an increased risk of depression in adulthood 20 . Additionally, MDs are associated with heavy smoking, greater degree of nicotine dependence, increased withdrawal symptoms, and lower cessation rates.…”