Principles of insecticide resistance management

Abstract

La demande pour des stratégies efficaces de gestion de la résistance se fait de plus en plus pressante, au fur et à mesure que le nombre d'espèces résistantes aux insecticides augmente mondialement alors que les ressources insecticides diminuent. Les perspectives de développement de telles stratégies sont accrues par les développements récents en biochimie, en génétique moléculaire, en écologie, en dynamique, en dépistage et dans d'autres aspects importants de la résistance. Les approches généralement reconnues pour la gestion de la résistance sont regroupées en trois catégories principales: une pression de sélection faible, complétée par une composante élevée de mesures non-chimiques (gestion par modération); l'élimination de l'avantage sélectif des individus résistants en augmentant l'absorption des insecticides par l'utilisation d'attractifs, ou en supprimant les enzymes de detoxication par l'utilisation de synergistes (gestion par saturation); l'application d'une sélection multi-directionnelle au moyen de mélanges ou de rotations d'insecticides non-apparentés ou par l'utilisation d'insecticides à plusieurs sites d'action (gestion par attaque multiple). Ces approches ne sont pas mutuellement exclusives et des éléments de chacune peuvent être utilisés pour la formulation d'un programme saisonnier de gestion. La stratégie choisie doit être basée sur une connaissance approfondie des effets sur la résistance des insecticides envisagés, et de la biologie et de l'écologie des espèces concernées, et elle doit utiliser toutes les méthodes de lutte non-chimiques disponibles.The need for effective strategies in resistance management is becoming more pressing as the number of insecticide-resistant species continues to increase worldwide while insecticide resources are diminishing. Prospects for development of such strategies are enhanced by recent advances in knowledge on the biochemistry, molecular genetics, ecology, dynamics, monitoring, and other important aspects of resistance. The generally recognized approaches to resistance management are grouped under three principal categories: first, low selection pressure, supplemented by a strong component of non-chemical measures (management by moderation); second, elimination of the selective advantage of resistant individuals by increasing insecticide uptake through the use of attractants, or by suppressing of detoxication enzymes through the use of synergists (management by saturation); and third, application of multi-directional selection by means of mixtures or rotations of unrelated insecticides or by use of chemicals with multi-site action (management by multiple attack). These approaches are not mutually exclusive and elements from each can be used to formulate a season-long management program. The strategy chosen must be based on a thorough knowledge of the resistance implications of the candidate insecticides and of the biology and ecology of the species concerned, and must make use of all available non-chemical control measures

Effects of artificial migration of susceptible individuals on resistance and fitness of a fenitrothion-resistant strain of Musca domestica (L.) Diptera

“…Selection with insecticides in treated areas and constant migration from untreated regions could be thought of as a source-sink model where continuous susceptible migration could significantly delay the development of resistance in treated regions, and combined with the assumed fitness costs of resistance this could hinder or even prevent evolution of resistance even more efficiently, as shown by many management models and field studies (Argentine et al, 1994;Georghiou, 1994;Raymond and Marguine, 1994;Peck, 1997;Lenormand and Raymond, 1998;Lenormand, 2002;Tyutyunov et al, 2008). In this study, our results showed that in a resistant laboratory strain of Musca domestica with continuous susceptible migration, both the level of resistance and the load of fitness costs could be eroded efficiently.…”

“…The origins, spread, and mechanisms of insecticide resistance have importance in both theoretical and practical issues (Hemingway, 2000;ffrench-Constant et al, 2004). From the beginning of the first insecticide treatment programs against insect pests, many insect species developed significant resistance levels against insecticides, and the number of resistant populations is still increasing (Georghiou, 1994;Denholm et al, 2002;Hemingway et al, 2002;Hardstone and Scott, 2010). Resistance against pesticides is seen as the product of 2 interacting forces.…”

“…In order to overcome the development of resistance, several resistance-management programs are proposed, like utilization of synergists that inhibit the resistance mechanisms, managing the dominance of the resistant alleles by saturation, rotation of different types of insecticides, and provision of untreated refuges to preserve susceptible alleles (Roush, 1989;Georghiou, 1994;Lenormand and Raymond, 1998). Management strategies that utilize the untreated zones to allow continuous migration of susceptible individuals to resistant populations should take into consideration the relative fitness of resistant alleles, as relative fitness is one of the main factors that determine the dynamics of resistant alleles in the absence of insecticides (Crow, 1957;May and Dobson, 1986;McKenzie and Clark, 1988;Roush, 1989;Minkoff and Wilson, 1992;McKenzie, 2000;Boivin et al, 2001;Haubruge and Arnaud, 2001).…”

Insecticide Resistance in Insect Vectors of Disease with Special Reference to Mosquitoes: A Potential Threat to Global Public Health

“…There are hundreds of different insect pest species that are under chemical control, and each species represents several distinct combinations of biological and ecological characteristics. Management by moderation should be the basic approach and should be supplemented to the maximum possibly by integrated pest management measures (45). Interestingly, there are several different strategies that have been proposed to tackle the insecticide resistance crisis.…”

“…Among the types of resistance mechanisms, metabolism and action site insensitivity are the most important types. However, it is important to note that a reduction in the rate of cuticular penetration fosters both types of mechanisms in a more synergistic way (45,46). …”