Principles of psychology: A systematic text in the science of behavior.

Thirty Points About Motivation From Skinner’s Book Verbal Behavior

“…He also maintained that these motivative variables were antecedent events and separate from all types of stimulus variables. Several years later, Keller and Schoenfeld (1950) elaborated on Skinner's position in the section titled, ''A drive is not a stimulus'' (p. 276), where they stated, ''a drive has neither the status, nor the functions, nor the place in a reflex that a stimulus has … it is not, in itself either eliciting, reinforcing, or discriminative'' (p. 276). Keller and Schoenfeld also suggest that the term ''establishing operation'' be used to distinguish the effects of deprivation, satiation, and aversive stimulation from various stimulus effects.…”

“…can be changed through these operations [deprivation, satiation, and It is of interest to note that Skinner (1938Skinner ( , 1953Skinner ( , 1957 frequently used the word ''operations'' when discussing motivation. Keller and Schoenfeld (1950) also used operations when discussing drive, but suggested expanding the term to ''establishing operations' ' (p. 272). In addition, Keller and Schoenfeld (1950) suggested establishing operations be used as a replacement term for the more cumbersome phrase, deprivation, satiation, and aversive stimulation.…”

“…Keller and Schoenfeld (1950) also used operations when discussing drive, but suggested expanding the term to ''establishing operations' ' (p. 272). In addition, Keller and Schoenfeld (1950) suggested establishing operations be used as a replacement term for the more cumbersome phrase, deprivation, satiation, and aversive stimulation. Michael (1982) elaborated on the value of the term establishing operation and further developed its role as an antecedent variable, especially in learned forms of motivation with his analysis of the ''establishing stimulus.''…”

“…130-146) on how the verbal community can best handle the problem of privacy, despite certain obstacles that can never be overcome. The world within the skin cannot be ignored, as is common for those espousing methodological behaviorism (Skinner, 1974 Skinner (1938) and Keller and Schoenfeld (1950) made it clear that the type of antecedent control over behavior that occurs with motivation is not the same as the type of antecedent control exerted by unconditioned (US), conditioned (CS), or discriminative (S D ) stimuli. Michael (1993) The ''gap'' in ''our understanding of operant functional relations'' identified by Michael (1993, p. 191) is perhaps most obvious by the tendency in behavior analysis to consider most antecedent variables in operant relations as stimulus variables (Michael, 1982).…”

“…For example, in the movie Ghostbusters Bill Murray, playing an unethical college professor, describes shocking his participant following an incorrect response as ''studying the effects of negative reinforcement.'' The classification of aversive stimulation as an MO is also not a common practice in behavior analysis (see point #8), despite its early identification as such by Skinner (1938), and Keller and Schoenfeld (1950) who state, ''Aversions, like appetites, form a major class of drives'' (p. 303). Keller and Schoenfeld also provided a detailed analysis of several types of aversive stimulation as .…”