Principles of X-ray Computed Tomography

Hermanek, Petr; Rathore, Jitendra S.; Aloisi, Valentina; Carmignato, Simone

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59573-3_2

Cited by 33 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The methodological procedure from data acquisition to measurement will be explained in detail in the next sections. X-ray CT is a very extensive measurement technique that involves several steps for performing the requisite task [12] and whose result depends on factors related to the system, object, data processing, environment as well as the operator as explained in [29].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As regards measuring technology, X-ray CT is the most suitable for analyzing lattice structures since classical optical and mechanical (probe-based) measurement systems suffer from very limited third-dimensional range and reach-ability to the complex feature respectively. X-ray CT is a computer-aided non-destructive technique (NDT) that uses irradiation to produce 3D internal and external representations of a scanned object [11,12]. X-ray CT scanning has been used in many areas of industry for various quality aspects such as flaw detection, failure analysis, metrology, assembly analysis, and reverse engineering applications [13,14,15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Methodology for Computed Tomography-Based Non-Destructive Geometrical Evaluations of Lattice Structures by Holistic Strut Measurement Approach

Rathore

Mang

Vienne

et al. 2021

Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering

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The presence of lattice structures is increasing in the manufacturing domain especially in the air/spacecraft and biomedical applications due to their advantages of high strength-to-weight ratios, energy absorption, acoustic and vibrational damping etc. Dimensional accuracy of a lattice structure is one of the most important requirements to meet the desired functionality as there could be significant deviations in the as-produced part from the designed one. Evidently, an approach (non-destructive) to evaluate the dimensional accuracy of all the elements and eventually the lattice quality is of great significance. X-ray computed tomography (CT) has emerged as a promising solution in the field of industrial quality control over the last few years due to its non-destructive approach. In this work, we propose a methodology for geometrical evaluations of a lattice structure by measuring the deviation in shape and size of its strut elements holistically. The acquired CT data of the complete lattice is extracted in the form of a point cloud and then segmented and stored as single strut element with unique identification so that measurements can be performed on strut individually. As demonstrated with a metallic BCCz type lattice structure, the methodology helps in critical evaluation of its quality and the correlation with spatial position of the individual struts; e.g. the lattice exhibits large variations of shape among the inclined struts while the vertical struts possess consistency in their shape.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Methodology for Computed Tomography-Based Non-Destructive Geometrical Evaluations of Lattice Structures by Holistic Strut Measurement Approach

Rathore

Mang

Vienne

et al. 2021

Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering

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“…X-ray CT is a very extensive measurement technique which involves a number of steps for performing the requisite tasks [16] and to acquire high quality data. As shown in Figure 2 the part is placed between a source and a detector, then the projections are acquired while the part is moving around the rotational axis with of speed of rotation depending on the selected number of projections.…”

Section: Tomographic Characterization Of Latticementioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of resolution on the X-ray CT-based measurements of metallic AM lattice structures

et al. 2020

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Additive manufactured (AM) lattice structures have become very prominent in recent times especially in air and spacecraft industry for their lower weight and specific mechanical properties. Their stiffness and strength can be controlled by their geometrical properties, such as the shape and dimensions of the unit cell. Geometrical and dimensional accuracy of the AM lattices is therefore one of the most important requirements to meet the desired functionality as there could be significant deviations in the as-produced part from the designed model; thus their measurements are of great significance. X-ray computed tomography (CT) has emerged as a promising solution in the field of industrial quality control over the last few years due to its non-destructive approach. However, CT measurement accuracy depends on various parameters (part material, system, operator, environment, data post-processing), among which the resolution or voxel size of the CT data is crucial. In this work the influence of resolution on the measurement of metallic lattice structure is studied by means of simulations and real CT experiments. The optimized CT acquisition settings are obtained with the help of simulated radiographs and design-of-experiment approach. Three different resolutions are achieved by placing the part at different positions from the X-ray source. The computer-aided design (CAD) model comparison reveals that the majority of surface has a deviation of ± 0.2 mm and the results are slightly affected by the resolution. The wall thickness analysis provides a global observation of the strut and node thicknesses. Individual struts are measured with representative regions of interest (ROIs) considering the manufacturing direction. The measurement results are significantly affected by the resolution (or voxel size) of the CT data. Simulated CT scans with different resolutions have been performed for systematic error estimation in relation to the voxel size.

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“…Because the imaging process is quasi nondestructive, as high levels of exposure to X-ray radiation are known to induce damage in biological samples (Barth et al, 2011;, the internal features of the same sample may be examined multiple times in different conditions. The technical aspects of XCT imaging and analysis have been presented in several chapters and reviews (Hsieh, 2003;Stock, 2009;Bouxsein et al, 2010;Hampel, 2015;Hermanek et al, 2018).…”

Section: X-ray Computed Tomographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of X‐ray computed tomography for the evaluation of biomaterial‐mediated bone regeneration in critical‐sized defects

Fernández

Witte²,

Tozzi

2019

Journal of Microscopy

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Bone as such displays an intrinsic regenerative potential following fracture; however, this capacity is limited with large bone defects that cannot heal spontaneously. The management of critical‐sized bone defects remains a major clinical and socioeconomic need with osteoregenerative biomaterials constantly under development aiming at promoting and enhancing bone healing. X‐ray computed tomography (XCT) has become a standard and essential tool for quantifying structure–function relationships in bone and biomaterials, facilitating the development of novel bone tissue engineering strategies. This paper presents recent advancements in XCT analysis of biomaterial‐mediated bone regeneration. As a noninvasive and nondestructive technique, XCT allows for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of three‐dimensional (3D) scaffolds and biomaterial microarchitecture, bone growth into the scaffold as well as the 3D characterisation of biomaterial degradation and bone regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, in combination with in situ mechanical testing and digital volume correlation (DVC), XCT demonstrated its potential to better understand the bone–biomaterial interactions and local mechanics of bone regeneration during the healing process in relation to the regeneration achieved in vivo, which will likely provide valuable knowledge for the development and optimisation of novel osteoregenerative biomaterials. Lay Description Bone, being a dynamically adaptable material, displays excellent regenerative properties following fracture. However, the self‐healing capacity of bone becomes more difficult with large bone defects. Those defects are common and occur in many clinical situations; hence, biomaterials are mostly used to restore both bone structure and function in the defect site. X‐ray computed tomography (XCT) is a powerful tool to evaluate bone regeneration in critical‐sized defects after the implantation of biomaterials, allowing to an improved understanding of the regeneration process following different bone tissue engineering approaches. This paper focuses on recent advancements in XCT analysis to characterise biomaterial‐mediated bone regeneration in critical‐sized defects. XCT supports three‐dimensional (3D) analysis of biomaterials, scaffolds and regenerated bone microarchitecture, as well as bone ingrowth into the scaffold. As a nondestructive technique, XCT allows for a 3D characterisation of biomaterial degradation and bone regeneration over time. In addition, XCT combined with in situ mechanical experiments and digital volume correlation (DVC) provides a 3D evaluation and quantification of bone–biomaterial interactions and deformation mechanisms during the regeneration process. This remains essential for the development and enhancement of novel biomaterials able to produce bone that is comparable with the native tissue they aim to replace.

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Principles of X-ray Computed Tomography

Cited by 33 publications

References 37 publications

A Methodology for Computed Tomography-Based Non-Destructive Geometrical Evaluations of Lattice Structures by Holistic Strut Measurement Approach

A Methodology for Computed Tomography-Based Non-Destructive Geometrical Evaluations of Lattice Structures by Holistic Strut Measurement Approach

Influence of resolution on the X-ray CT-based measurements of metallic AM lattice structures

Applications of X‐ray computed tomography for the evaluation of biomaterial‐mediated bone regeneration in critical‐sized defects

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