Prioritization of Pesticides for Assessment of Risk to Aquatic Ecosystems in Canada and Identification of Knowledge Gaps

Anderson, Julie C.; Marteinson, Sarah C.; Prosser, Ryan S.

doi:10.1007/398_2021_81

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 144 publications

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“…Zebrafish were affected by both terbuthylazine and malathion, so that cytotoxicity evaluated by LDH leakage, DNA strand breaks, and cathepsin D were observed in the fish liver after exposure to all tested concentrations. Our findings are consistent with previous research that found organophosphate pesticides and atrazine, a triazine pesticide, to be moderate or even highly toxic to fish [ 5 , 73 ]. When zebrafish were handled with the mixture of pesticides, LDH leakage was multiplied but, in contrast, DNA strand breaks were decreased, particularly in the TL + MH group.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Molecular and Biochemical Evidence of the Toxic Effects of Terbuthylazine and Malathion in Zebrafish

Khatib

Horyn

Боднар

et al. 2023

Animals

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Our research sought to determine the molecular and biochemical effects of environmentally relevant exposure to commonly used chloro-s-triazine herbicide terbuthylazine and organophosphate insecticide malathion on zebrafish. To this aim, mature zebrafish were exposed to 2 and 30 µg L−1 terbuthylazine and 5 and 50 µg L−1 malathion alone and in combination for 14 days. Aside from the accumulation of TBARS and protein carbonyls, a decrease in antioxidants and succinate dehydrogenase activity, an increase in oxidized glutathione, and enhanced apoptosis via Caspase-3 and BAX overexpression were observed. Furthermore, terbuthylazine and malathion induced mitochondrial swelling (up to 210% after single exposure and up to 470% after co-exposure) and lactate dehydrogenase leakage (up to 268% after single exposure and up to 570% after co-exposure) in a concentration-dependent manner. Significant upregulation of ubiquitin expression and increased cathepsin D activity were characteristics that appeared only upon terbuthylazine exposure, whereas the induction of IgM was identified as the specific characteristic of malathion toxicity. Meanwhile, no alterations in the zebrafish hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis was observed. Co-exposure increased the adverse effects of individual pesticides on zebrafish. This study should improve the understanding of the mechanisms of pesticide toxicity that lead to fish impairment and biodiversity decline.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Molecular and Biochemical Evidence of the Toxic Effects of Terbuthylazine and Malathion in Zebrafish

Khatib

Horyn

Боднар

et al. 2023

Animals

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show abstract

“…Zebrafish were affected by both terbuthylazine and malathion, so that cytotoxicity evaluated by LDH leakage, DNA strand breaks, and cathepsin D were observed in the fish liver after exposure to all tested concentrations. Our findings are consistent with previous research that found organophosphate pesticides and atrazine, a triazine pesticide, to be moderate or even highly toxic to fish (Anderson et al 2021;Khatib et al 2022). When zebrafish were handled with the mixture of pesticides, LDH leakage was multiplied but, in contrast, DNA strand breaks were decreased, particularly in the TL+MH group.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Multiple Molecular and Biochemical Alterations in Zebrafish Exposed to Terbuthylazine and Malathion

Khatib

Horyn

Боднар

et al. 2023

Preprint

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In the context of the global increase in pesticide applications, aquatic animals are constantly subjected to their action in natural reservoirs. Our research sought to determine the molecular and biochemical effects of an environmental exposure to commonly used chloro-s-triazine herbicide terbuthylazine and organophosphate insecticide malathion on zebrafish. To this aim, mature zebrafish were exposed to 2 and 30 µg L−1 terbuthylazine and 5 and 50 µg L−1 malathion alone and in combination for 14 days. Following exposure, induction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation in the liver of treated zebrafish have been registered. Aside from the accumulation of oxidative lesions, a decrease in antioxidants and succinate dehydrogenase activity, an increase in oxidized glutathione, and enhanced apoptosis via Caspase-3 and BAX overexpression (in the case of terbuthylazine) were observed. Furthermore, terbuthylazine and malathion induced mitochondrial swelling and lactate dehydrogenase leakage in a concentrationdependent manner. Significant upregulation of ubiquitin expression and increasing cathepsin D activity were characteristics that appeared only upon terbuthylazine exposure, whereas induction of IgM was identified as the specific characteristic of malathion toxicity. Pesticides in the studied concentration didn’t provoke significant alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in zebrafish. Co-exposure increased adverse effects of individual pesticides to zebrafish. This study should improve understanding of the mechanisms of pesticide toxicity that leads to fish impairment and biodiversity decline, as well as emphasize the importance of paying attention to pesticide traces in the environment and fish, which can have devastating effects on biota even at low concentrations.

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“…None of the candidate antimicrobials were previously included in Canada's National Long-term Water Quality Monitoring Program which mainly tracks pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (GoC 2016) nor were they included in CMP's Wastewater Monitoring Program which additionally tracks major ions, nitrogen, ammonia and numerous other compounds (GoC 2019a). This is unsurprising for candidates which may have known low environmental risk or are newly emerging, but for some may also be related to the lack of standard analytical methods for their detection (as noted for other contaminants: Anderson et al 2021). Studies reporting environmental concentrations of candidate antimicrobials in aquatic habitats in Canada were also rare and for most, our search string yielded no relevant results.…”

Section: Environmental Concentrations and Toxicity To Aquatic Biotamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…: https://www.ic.gc.ca/app/scr/tdst/tdo/crtr.html). Both long-term trends and current imports could be assessed and/or regularly monitored for chemicals with a lack of central sales monitoring (i.e., unlike pesticides: Anderson et al 2021). This was particularly useful in the present work because there can be large delays in accessing contaminant concentrations in the environment due to the time it takes to collect and analyse samples followed by publication timeframes.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Proxy Evidence For Antimicrobial Identificatio...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased use of sanitizers and disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic: identification of antimicrobial chemicals and considerations for aquatic environmental contamination

et al. 2023

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In response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic there has been an increased need for personal and environmental decontamination to aid in curbing transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Products used for this purpose include sanitizers for hands and disinfectants for surfaces. The active chemical ingredients used in these products, termed antimicrobials, can enter waste streams after application and may be emerging as more prominent environmental contaminants. Even prior to COVID-19, there was recognized need to examine their implications for aquatic biota, which is now made more pressing due to their exaggerated use in response to the pandemic. Our objectives were to identify current antimicrobial active ingredients, quantify their increased use, and determine which may be candidates for further consideration as possible aquatic contaminants. By consulting multiple sources of publicly available information in Canada, we identified current-use antimicrobials from the lists of sanitizers and surface disinfectants approved for use against SARS-CoV-2 by Health Canada and the drug registration database. To estimate the use of sanitizers and disinfectants, we evaluated import quantities and grocery store retail sales of related compounds and products (Statistics Canada) and both lines of evidence supported increased use trends. The list of identified antimicrobials was refined to include only candidates with potential to reach aquatic ecosystems, and information on their environmental concentrations and toxicity to aquatic biota were reviewed. Candidate antimicrobials (n=32) fell into four main categories: quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), phenols, acids and salts. Benzalkonium chloride, a QAC, was the most prominent active ingredient used in both non-alcohol-based hand sanitizers and surface disinfectants. Four QACs followed in prevalence and the next most used antimicrobial was triclosan (hand sanitizers only), an established and regulated environmental contaminant. Little information was found on environmental concentrations of other candidates, suggesting that the majority would fall into the category of emerging contaminants if they enter aquatic systems. Several were classified as acutely or chronically toxic to aquatic biota (Globally Harmonised System) and thus we recommend empirical research begin focusing on environmental monitoring of all candidate antimicrobials as a critical next step, with detection method development first where needed.

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Prioritization of Pesticides for Assessment of Risk to Aquatic Ecosystems in Canada and Identification of Knowledge Gaps

Cited by 11 publications

References 144 publications

Molecular and Biochemical Evidence of the Toxic Effects of Terbuthylazine and Malathion in Zebrafish

Molecular and Biochemical Evidence of the Toxic Effects of Terbuthylazine and Malathion in Zebrafish

Multiple Molecular and Biochemical Alterations in Zebrafish Exposed to Terbuthylazine and Malathion

Increased use of sanitizers and disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic: identification of antimicrobial chemicals and considerations for aquatic environmental contamination

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