Privacy in the Smart City—Applications, Technologies, Challenges, and Solutions

Abstract

Many modern cities strive to integrate information technology into every aspect of city life to create so-called smart cities. Smart cities rely on a large number of application areas and technologies to realize complex interactions between citizens, third parties, and city departments. This overwhelming complexity is one reason why holistic privacy protection only rarely enters the picture. A lack of privacy can result in discrimination and social sorting, creating a fundamentally unequal society. To prevent this, we believe that a better understanding of smart cities and their privacy implications is needed. We therefore systematize the application areas, enabling technologies, privacy types, attackers and data sources for the attacks, giving structure to the fuzzy term "smart city". Based on our taxonomies, we describe existing privacy-enhancing technologies, review the state of the art in real cities around the world, and discuss promising future research directions. Our survey can serve as a reference guide, contributing to the development of privacy-friendly smart cities.

Improving Agent Quality in Dynamic Smart Cities by Implementing an Agent Quality Management Framework

“…A smart city is a concept that integrates information and communication technology in every element in an urban area to improve the efficiency and quality of life. Interactions between citizens, third parties, and city departments are getting more and more complex with the deployment of digital and online applications in various types of systems in a smart city environment [1]. Mobile devices, such smart phones, smart vehicles, and wearable devices, are equipped with features, applications, and various types of sensors that allow for data collection and data-sharing capabilities.…”

“…These data, combined with data from other facilities in smart cities, such as smart buildings and smart transportation services, are highly interconnected with third party applications and city departments to improve the efficiency of smart city services. The correlation between the large amounts of data increases the risk for privacy and data confidentiality violations, such as the exposure of personal information, locations, and social activities [1].…”

Requisitos de Privacidade para Aplicações de Crowdsourcing no Contexto das Cidades Inteligentes

“…Atualmente, existem bilhões de dispositivos conectados nas cidades, e ainda irá aumentar, tornando muito fácil coletar dados das pessoas e, assim, inferir informações privadas. No estudo de Eckhoff e Wagner [5] observou-se que dados pessoais podem ser coletadas por diversas tecnologias.…”

Suitability of Indoor Positioning System for Smart City IoT Applications

“…Some of the Smart City application comprises of smart mobility, smart services, smart utilities, smart economy, smart buildings, smart environment, smart governance, smart healthcare, smart citizens etc. [3].…”