Pro-opiomelanocortin peptides and the adrenal gland

Karpac, Jason; Kern, András; Hochgeschwender, Ute

doi:10.1016/j.mce.2006.12.035

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The levels of pituitary POMC and PC1 were higher in the RJF than the domesticated WL. POMC is the precursor of ACTH, while PC1 is involved in the cleavage of POMC into ACTH ( Karpac et al., 2007 , Keller-Wood, 2011 ). The lower expression levels of POMC and PC1 in the pituitary of WL, indicating an attenuated production of ACTH, may be linked to the lowered HPA axis reactivity generally found in the domesticated chicken ( Soleimani et al., 2011 , Ericsson et al., 2014 , Fallahsharoudi et al., 2015 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chicken domestication changes expression of stress-related genes in brain, pituitary and adrenals

Løtvedt

Fallahshahroudi

Bektic

et al. 2017

Neurobiology of Stress

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Domesticated species have an attenuated behavioral and physiological stress response compared to their wild counterparts, but the genetic mechanisms underlying this change are not fully understood. We investigated gene expression of a panel of stress response-related genes in five tissues known for their involvement in the stress response: hippocampus, hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal glands and liver of domesticated White Leghorn chickens and compared it with the wild ancestor of all domesticated breeds, the Red Junglefowl. Gene expression was measured both at baseline and after 45 min of restraint stress. Most of the changes in gene expression related to stress were similar to mammals, with an upregulation of genes such as FKBP5, C-FOS and EGR1 in hippocampus and hypothalamus and StAR, MC2R and TH in adrenal glands. We also found a decrease in the expression of CRHR1 in the pituitary of chickens after stress, which could be involved in negative feedback regulation of the stress response. Furthermore, we observed a downregulation of EGR1 and C-FOS in the pituitary following stress, which could be a potential link between stress and its effects on reproduction and growth in chickens.We also found changes in the expression of important genes between breeds such as GR in the hypothalamus, POMC and PC1 in the pituitary and CYP11A1 and HSD3B2 in the adrenal glands. These results suggest that the domesticated White Leghorn may have a higher capacity for negative feedback of the HPA axis, a lower capacity for synthesis of ACTH in the pituitary and a reduced synthesis rate of corticosterone in the adrenal glands compared to Red Junglefowl. All of these findings could explain the attenuated stress response in the domesticated birds.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chicken domestication changes expression of stress-related genes in brain, pituitary and adrenals

Løtvedt

Fallahshahroudi

Bektic

et al. 2017

Neurobiology of Stress

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“…In birds, adrenal cortical and medullary tissues are anatomically mixed and the adrenal glands can function independent from the ACTH 56 . In mammals, however the hypothalamic-spinal-adrenocortical (HSA) axis also takes part in modulation of glucocorticoid secretion 57 58 , with pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides being involved in all aspects of adrenal functioning 59 . Although exposure to stressors leads to an increase in the transcription of POMC in the rat pituitary 60 61 62 , we are not aware of any study indicating stress-related modulation of POMC transcription in the adrenals of mammals or birds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Domestication Effects on Stress Induced Steroid Secretion and Adrenal Gene Expression in Chickens

Fallahsharoudi

Kock

Johnsson

et al. 2015

Sci Rep

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Understanding the genetic basis of phenotypic diversity is a challenge in contemporary biology. Domestication provides a model for unravelling aspects of the genetic basis of stress sensitivity. The ancestral Red Junglefowl (RJF) exhibits greater fear-related behaviour and a more pronounced HPA-axis reactivity than its domesticated counterpart, the White Leghorn (WL). By comparing hormones (plasmatic) and adrenal global gene transcription profiles between WL and RJF in response to an acute stress event, we investigated the molecular basis for the altered physiological stress responsiveness in domesticated chickens. Basal levels of pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone as well as corticosterone response were lower in WL. Microarray analysis of gene expression in adrenal glands showed a significant breed effect in a large number of transcripts with over-representation of genes in the channel activity pathway. The expression of the best-known steroidogenesis genes were similar across the breeds used. Transcription levels of acute stress response genes such as StAR, CH25 and POMC were upregulated in response to acute stress. Dampened HPA reactivity in domesticated chickens was associated with changes in the expression of several genes that presents potentially minor regulatory effects rather than by means of change in expression of critical steroidogenic genes in the adrenal.

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“…This is somewhat controversial in that there are reports that this role is performed by a peptide from the NH 2 -terminal region of POMC (N-POMC 1-28) (see below). However, ACTH has a role in adrenal cortical development (187,197), and ACTH replacement in POMC knockout mice is sufficient to cause normal adrenal development (75).…”

Section: Effects Of Acth On Adrenal Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

POMC: The Physiological Power of Hormone Processing

Harno

Ramamoorthy

Coll

et al. 2018

Physiological Reviews

151

120

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Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is the archetypal polypeptide precursor of hormones and neuropeptides. In this review, we examine the variability in the individual peptides produced in different tissues and the impact of the simultaneous presence of their precursors or fragments. We also discuss the problems inherent in accurately measuring which of the precursors and their derived peptides are present in biological samples. We address how not being able to measure all the combinations of precursors and fragments quantitatively has affected our understanding of the pathophysiology associated with POMC processing. To understand how different ratios of peptides arise, we describe the role of the pro-hormone convertases (PCs) and their tissue specificities and consider the cellular processing pathways which enable regulated secretion of different peptides that play crucial roles in integrating a range of vital physiological functions. In the pituitary, correct processing of POMC peptides is essential to maintain the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and this processing can be disrupted in POMC-expressing tumors. In hypothalamic neurons expressing POMC, abnormalities in processing critically impact on the regulation of appetite, energy homeostasis, and body composition. More work is needed to understand whether expression of the POMC gene in a tissue equates to release of bioactive peptides. We suggest that this comprehensive view of POMC processing, with a focus on gaining a better understanding of the combination of peptides produced and their relative bioactivity, is a necessity for all involved in studying this fascinating physiological regulatory phenomenon.

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Pro-opiomelanocortin peptides and the adrenal gland

Cited by 18 publications

References 36 publications

Chicken domestication changes expression of stress-related genes in brain, pituitary and adrenals

Chicken domestication changes expression of stress-related genes in brain, pituitary and adrenals

Domestication Effects on Stress Induced Steroid Secretion and Adrenal Gene Expression in Chickens

POMC: The Physiological Power of Hormone Processing

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