Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis—a Matter of Protection

Dixon, Richard A.; Sarnala, Sai

doi:10.1104/pp.20.00973

Cited by 82 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Among PAs, procyanidin is the most abundant in the plant kingdom, and its monomeric building blocks-catechin and epicatechin-have also been reported as among the most common PAs [93,94]. These are also found in all of our target crops (Table 1), except for catechin, which has not been identified in A. thaliana to date [58,59,97]. This is consistent with our results, which showed that orthologous genes of LAR were not detected in A. thaliana, which catalyzed catechin from leucoanthocyanidins.…”

Section: Species-specific Pathways For the Biosynthesis Of Catechin And Epicatechinmentioning

confidence: 72%

Biosynthetic Pathway of Proanthocyanidins in Major Cash Crops

Lim

2021

Plants

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Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are a group of oligomers or polymers composed of monomeric flavanols. They offer many benefits for human fitness, such as antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. To date, three types of PA have been observed in nature: procyanidins, propelargonidins, and prodelphinidins. These are synthesized as some of the end-products of the flavonoid pathway by different consecutive enzymatic activities, from the same precursor—naringenin. Although the general biosynthetic pathways of PAs have been reported in a few model plant species, little is known about the species-specific pathways in major crops containing different types of PA. In the present study, we identified the species-specific pathways in 10 major crops, based on the presence/absence of flavanol-based intermediates in the metabolic pathway, and found 202 orthologous genes in the reference genomic database of each species, which may encode for key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of PAs. Parallel enzymatic reactions in the pathway are responsible for the ratio between PAs and anthocyanins, as well as among the three types of PAs. Our study suggests a promising strategy for molecular breeding, to regulate the content of PAs and anthocyanins and improve the nutritional quality of food sources globally.

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Section: Species-specific Pathways For the Biosynthesis Of Catechin And Epicatechinmentioning

confidence: 72%

Biosynthetic Pathway of Proanthocyanidins in Major Cash Crops

Lim

2021

Plants

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“…However, reduced efficiency of dimer formation with increased cysteine concentration suggests a possible regulatory mechanism to control the level of available carbocation and PA polymerization, consistent with our previous model implicating LAR in conversion of extension units (epi-cys) to starter units (epicatechin) ( 18 ) and the genetic link between polymorphisms in LAR and PA chain length in grapevine ( 38 ). Given that PA assembly in planta now appears to be nonenzymatic, contrary to the assembly of other major phenolic plant polymers such as lignin, it is now important to address the molecular mechanisms that protect the plant from the reactive carbocationic intermediates that are intimately associated with PA assembly ( 39 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual activity of anthocyanidin reductase supports the dominant plant proanthocyanidin extension unit pathway

Jun

Docampo-Palacios

et al. 2021

Sci. Adv.

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Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are plant natural products important for agriculture and human health. They are polymers of flavan-3-ol subunits, commonly (−)-epicatechin and/or (+)-catechin, but the source of the in planta extension unit that comprises the bulk of the polymer remains unclear, as does how PA composition is determined in different plant species. Anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) can generate 2,3-cis-epicatechin as a PA starter unit from cyanidin, which itself arises from 2,3-trans-leucocyanidin, but ANR proteins from different species produce mixtures of flavan-3-ols with different stereochemistries in vitro. Genetic and biochemical analyses here show that ANR has dual activity and is involved not only in the production of (−)-epicatechin starter units but also in the formation of 2,3-cis-leucocyanidin to serve as (−)-epicatechin extension units. Differences in the product specificities of ANRs account for the presence/absence of PA polymerization and the compositions of PAs across plant species.

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“…This implied that PAs may be involved in resistance to the pathogens that cause mulberry sclerotial disease. ANR and LAR are essential for PA biosynthesis (Dixon and Sarnala, 2020). Overexpression of ANR and LAR from mulberry in tobacco increased the accumulation of PAs and the precursors catechin and epicatechin.…”

Section: Discussion Pas Are Conserved Antimicrobial Substances In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ciboria carunculoides Suppresses Mulberry Immune Responses Through Regulation of Salicylic Acid Signaling

Hao

et al. 2021

Front. Plant Sci.

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Ciboria carunculoides is the dominant causal agent of mulberry sclerotial disease, and it is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen with a narrow host range that causes devastating diseases in mulberry fruit. However, little is known about the interaction between C. carunculoides and mulberry. Here, our transcriptome sequencing results showed that the transcription of genes in the secondary metabolism and defense-related hormone pathways were significantly altered in infected mulberry fruit. Due to the antimicrobial properties of proanthocyanidins (PAs), the activation of PA biosynthetic pathways contributes to defense against pathogens. Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are major plant defense hormones. However, SA signaling and JA signaling are antagonistic to each other. Our results showed that SA signaling was activated, while JA signaling was inhibited, in mulberry fruit infected with C. carunculoides. Yet SA mediated responses are double-edged sword against necrotrophic pathogens, as SA not only activates systemic acquired resistance (SAR) but also suppresses JA signaling. We also show here that the small secreted protein CcSSP1 of C. carunculoides activates SA signaling by targeting pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1). These findings reveal that the infection strategy of C. carunculoides functions by regulating SA signaling to inhibit host defense responses.

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Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis—a Matter of Protection

Cited by 82 publications

References 89 publications

Biosynthetic Pathway of Proanthocyanidins in Major Cash Crops

Biosynthetic Pathway of Proanthocyanidins in Major Cash Crops

Dual activity of anthocyanidin reductase supports the dominant plant proanthocyanidin extension unit pathway

Ciboria carunculoides Suppresses Mulberry Immune Responses Through Regulation of Salicylic Acid Signaling

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