“…Failure envelopes for different types of foundations (e.g. strip (Bransby and Randolph, 1998; Fathipour et al, 2022), rectangular (Gourvenec and Randolph, 2003) and circular (Suryasentana et al, 2021) foundations), homogeneous (Taiebat and Carter, 2010) or non-homogeneous (He and Newson, 2022b; Wu et al, 2022) soils, and zero-tension (Shen et al, 2016) or unlimited-tension (Gourvenec and Randolph, 2003) interface conditions have been previously investigated under undrained soil conditions. These studies have been primarily confined to a single layer soil with a uniform or linearly increasing soil undrained shear strength profile.…”