Probabilistic quantitative microbial risk assessment model of norovirus from wastewater irrigated vegetables in Ghana using genome copies and fecal indicator ratio conversion for estimating exposure dose

Owusu-Ansah, E.; Sampson, Angelina; Amponsah, S. K.; Abaidoo, Robert C.; Dalsgaard, Anders; Hald, Tine

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.168

Cited by 26 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Among the viruses of fecal origin that are present in reclaimed water, norovirus (NoV) is the main cause of viral gastroenteritis in people of all ages worldwide and is replacing rotavirus as the predominant gastrointestinal pathogen in children. This virus is often found in wastewater and selected as reference virus in QMRAs in a broad variety of scenarios, including exposure to irrigated crops (Allende and Monaghan, 2015;Barker, 2014;Mara and Sleigh, 2010;Owusu-Ansah et al, 2017;Sales-Ortells et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative risk assessment of norovirus and adenovirus for the use of reclaimed water to irrigate lettuce in Catalonia

et al. 2019

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Wastewater is an important resource in water-scarce regions of the world, and its use in agriculture requires the guarantee of acceptable public health risks. The use of fecal indicator bacteria to evaluate safety does not represent viruses, the main potential health hazards. Viral pathogens could complement the use of fecal indicator bacteria in the evaluation of water quality. In this study, we characterized the concentration and removal of human adenovirus (HAdV) and norovirus genogroup II (NoV GII), highly abundant and important viral pathogens found in wastewater, in two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) that use different tertiary treatments (constructed wetland vs conventional UV, chlorination and Actiflo® treatments) for a year in Catalonia. The main objective of this study was to develop a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment for viral gastroenteritis caused by norovirus GII and adenovirus, associated with the ingestion of lettuce irrigated with tertiary effluents from these WWTPs. The results show that the disease burden of NoV GII and HAdV for the consumption of lettuce irrigated with tertiary effluent from either WWTP was higher than the WHO recommendation of 10 -6 DALYs for both viruses. The WWTP with constructed wetland showed a higher viral reduction on average (3.9 and 2.8 logs for NoV GII and HAdV, respectively) than conventional treatment (1.9 and 2.5 logs) but a higher variability than the conventional WWTP. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the input parameters used to estimate the viral reduction by treatment and viral concentrations accounted for much of the model output variability. The estimated reductions required to reach the WHO recommended levels in tertiary effluent are influenced by the characteristics of the treatments developed in the WWTPs, and additional average reductions are necessary (in WWTP with a constructed wetland: 6.7 and 5.1 logs for NoV GII and HAdV, respectively; and in the more conventional treatment: and 5.6 logs). This recommendation would be achieved with an average quantification of 0.5 genome copies per 100 mL in reclaimed water for both viruses. The results suggest that the analyzed reclaimed water would require additional treatments to achieve acceptable risk in the irrigation of vegetables with reclaimed water.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative risk assessment of norovirus and adenovirus for the use of reclaimed water to irrigate lettuce in Catalonia

et al. 2019

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“…This is mainly due to the ease of detection of these microorganisms, however the survival and even removal/inactivation of these in the environment differs greatly from many pathogenic microorganisms. It was observed by Owusu-Ansah et al (156) that the use of fecal indicator conversion ratio model to estimate health risks results in the underestimation of the risks involved. Using improved methods of detection, Cutolo et al (25) reported average densities of 1 cysts L −1 and 6 eggs L −1 for Entamoeba coli and Ascaris spp., respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Evidence and Health Risks Associated With Agricultural Reuse of Partially Treated and Untreated Wastewater: A Review

Adegoke

Amoah

Stenström

et al. 2018

Front. Public Health

118

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The use of partially treated and untreated wastewater for irrigation is beneficial in agriculture but may be associated with human health risks. Reports from different locations globally have linked microbial outbreaks with agricultural reuse of wastewater. This article reviews the epidemiological evidence and health risks associated with this practice, aiming toward evidence-based conclusions. Exposure pathways that were addressed in this review included those relevant to agricultural workers and their families, consumers of crops, and residents close to areas irrigated with wastewater (partially treated or untreated). A meta-analysis gave an overall odds ratio of 1.65 (95% CI: 1.31, 2.06) for diarrheal disease and 5.49 (95% CI: 2.49, 12.10) for helminth infections for exposed agricultural workers and family members. The risks were higher among children and immunocompromised individuals than in immunocompetent adults. Predominantly skin and intestinal infections were prevalent among individuals infected mainly via occupational exposure and ingestion. Food-borne outbreaks as a result of crops (fruits and vegetables) irrigated with partially or untreated wastewater have been widely reported. Contamination of crops with enteric viruses, fecal coliforms, and bacterial pathogens, parasites including soil-transmitted helminthes (STHs), as well as occurrence of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have also been evidenced. The antibiotic residues and ARGs may get internalized in crops along with pathogens and may select for antibiotic resistance, exert ecotoxicity, and lead to bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms with high risk quotient (RQ). Appropriate mitigation lies in adhering to existing guidelines such as the World Health Organization wastewater reuse guidelines and to Sanitation Safety Plans (SSPs). Additionally, improvement in hygiene practices will also provide measures against adverse health impacts.

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“… 27 E. coli concentration has been widely applied in risk assessment studies in the form of faecal indicator ratio conversion. 28 Based on these lines of evidence, E. coli was treated as a proxy of pathogenic microorganisms to examine the impact of groundwater microbial quality on HDO.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater use and diarrhoea in urban Nepal: novel application of a geostatistical interpolation technique linking environmental and epidemiologic survey data

Shrestha

Nakamura

Magome

et al. 2018

International Health

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BackgroundGroundwater is a common domestic water source in developing countries, but is persistently contaminated with enteropathogens. However, studies on determinants of diarrhoea have predominantly focused on piped water. This study examines the relationship between groundwater microbial quality and household diarrhoea occurrence (HDO).MethodsConsidering it as a proxy of enteropathogens, this study analysed Escherichia coli concentrations in groundwater wells. Ordinary kriging, a geostatistical technique in geographic information systems, was used to interpolate the E. coli concentration to survey points that had secondary survey data (n=942). The relationship between E. coli and HDO using simple and multivariate statistical analyses in SPSS was analysed.ResultsA total of 77% of households used groundwater. One-third of households were without piped-water access (PWA), and these households were significantly more likely to use groundwater than those with PWA. Of the 87 households that reported HDO, 77% were groundwater users. Of the groundwater users, the households with HDO consumed groundwater with significantly higher E. coli concentrations than the households without HDO. Of the households without PWA, the increase in the E. coli concentration increased the odds of HDO (adjusted odds ratio=3.15; 95% CI=1.07–9.22).ConclusionIt is suggested that the groundwater microbial quality is a risk factor for HDO and illustrates this by an application of an interpolation technique relevant for developing countries.

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Probabilistic quantitative microbial risk assessment model of norovirus from wastewater irrigated vegetables in Ghana using genome copies and fecal indicator ratio conversion for estimating exposure dose

Cited by 26 publications

References 52 publications

Quantitative risk assessment of norovirus and adenovirus for the use of reclaimed water to irrigate lettuce in Catalonia

Quantitative risk assessment of norovirus and adenovirus for the use of reclaimed water to irrigate lettuce in Catalonia

Epidemiological Evidence and Health Risks Associated With Agricultural Reuse of Partially Treated and Untreated Wastewater: A Review

Groundwater use and diarrhoea in urban Nepal: novel application of a geostatistical interpolation technique linking environmental and epidemiologic survey data

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