Probability distribution and noise factor of solid state photomultiplier signals with cross-talk and afterpulsing

Vinogradov, Sergey; Vinogradova, T. R.; Shubin, V. G.; Shushakov, D. A.; Sitarsky, K. Yu.

doi:10.1109/nssmic.2009.5402300

Cited by 36 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…adjacent to the primary one (4 side-by-side or 8 with extra corner-by-corner ones) [9] -Binomial distribution; 3) Random single chain or sequence of binary counts -Geometric distribution [2], [10]; 4) Branching Poisson process when a primary event, as well as every secondary one, creates the next generation of Poissonian-distributed secondary events [10]- [12]; as shown in [10], this process results in Borel distribution of a total number of events. In case if SIPM detects a light pulse with a Poissonian number of photons when a total number of detected events obeys a compound Poisson distribution combined by the Poisson distribution of primaries and the specific distribution of secondaries pointed above 1)-4).…”

Section: Correlated Noise: Crosstalk and Afterpulsingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, an afterpulsing is simulated as a branching Poisson process assuming a single avalanche creating a Poisson-distributed number of afterpulses, and when iteratively applied to each of the generated afterpulses [12]. ENF of the correlated processes was initially derived in [2] and discussed [3], and then advanced results were presented in [10].…”

Section: Correlated Noise: Crosstalk and Afterpulsingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast with conventional analog APDs and PMTs, an extremely low excess noise factor of charge multiplication mechanism based on Geiger breakdown with strong negative feedback facilitates modeling of a SiPM response in discrete SER units. On the other hand, considerable noise contributions from specific secondary correlated events, namely, crosstalk and afterpulsing processes, make such modeling much more complicated [2]. Another kind of complications is associated with nonlinearity of a SiPM response due to limited number of pixels and non-instant pixel recovering at relatively intense light signals [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Perfomance of Silicon Photomultipliers in photon number and time resolution

Vinogradov¹

2016

Proceedings of International Conference on New Photo-Detectors — PoS(PhotoDet2015)

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Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are a novel generation of photon detectors designed as an array of independently operated Geiger-mode APDs (pixels) with common output. SiPM provides proportional detection of low-level light pulses starting from single photons with remarkable photon number and time resolution at room temperature. Now they are worldwide recognized to be competitive with vacuum photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and avalanche photodiodes (APDs) for scintillation and Cherenkov light detections in such areas as particle physics and nuclear medicine. Well-known specific drawbacks of SiPMs are excess noises caused by stochastic processes of crosstalk and afterpulsing as well as non-linearity and saturation of SiPM response to intense light pulses due to limited number of pixels and noninstant pixel recovery.This study presents an analysis of SiPM performance based on probability distributions of the key stochastic processes affecting SiPM response: photo-conversion, dark generation, avalanche multiplication, crosstalk and afterpulsing, non-linearity and saturation losses. SiPM performance in photon number (energy) resolution is represented in terms of specific excess noise factors of these processes identified as comparable metrics of their contributions. SiPM time resolution is shown to be defined by photon number resolution and by temporal profiles of photon arrival and photon detection time distributions, and a single electron response.Analytical results of this approach are applied to compare a performance of the modern SiPMs with each other and with conventional PMTs and APDs in typical scintillation and Cherenkov detection applications. The results also seem to be useful for SiPM characterization, selection, and application-specific optimization as well as for SiPM design improvements.

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Section: Correlated Noise: Crosstalk and Afterpulsingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Correlated Noise: Crosstalk and Afterpulsingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Perfomance of Silicon Photomultipliers in photon number and time resolution

Vinogradov¹

2016

Proceedings of International Conference on New Photo-Detectors — PoS(PhotoDet2015)

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“…4 When p aft ¼ 0, the probability of a gate equal to 1 is simply Eq. This probability (the probability of one or more electrons being present in a gate given a certain afterpulsing probability) is based on a compound Poisson distribution that skews from the standard distribution given the same mean.…”

Section: Snr Derivation Including Afterpulsingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Signal-to-noise ratio of Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode single-photon counting detectors

Kolb

2014

Opt. Eng

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Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (GM-APDs) use the avalanche mechanism of semiconductors to amplify signals in individual pixels. With proper thresholding, a pixel will be either "on" (avalanching) or "off." This discrete detection scheme eliminates read noise, which makes these devices capable of counting single photons. Using these detectors for imaging applications requires a well-developed and comprehensive expression for the expected signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This paper derives the expected SNR of a GM-APD detector in gated operation based on gate length, number of samples, signal flux, dark count rate, photon detection efficiency, and afterpulsing probability. To verify the theoretical results, carrier-level Monte Carlo simulation results are compared to the derived equations and found to be in good agreement.

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“…Several analytical models of crosstalk noise in SiPMs are available in the literature. Many of them [14][15][16][17][18][19] assume that crosstalk obeys a Bernoulli distribution, that is, a primary avalanche can either trigger a secondary avalanche in a neighboring pixel with probability p or no avalanche with probability 1 − p. Some of these models also include cascading processes where a secondary avalanche may trigger a tertiary avalanche, which could in turn trigger a quaternary avalanche and so on, although the number of crosstalk events that can be induced directly by each pixel is limited to one. However, a single avalanche is made up of a large number of carriers (typical avalanche gain is 10 5 − 10 6 ), each one being able to induce emission of crosstalk photons with a probability of ∼ 3 · 10 −5 [3,13,23].…”

Section: Fundamentalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling crosstalk in silicon photomultipliers

et al. 2013

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Optical crosstalk seriously limits the photon-counting resolution of silicon photomultipliers. In this work, realistic analytical models to describe the crosstalk effects on the response of these photodetectors are presented and compared with experimental data. The proposed models are based on the hypothesis that each pixel of the array has a finite number of available neighboring pixels to excite via crosstalk. Dead-time effects and geometrical aspects of the propagation of crosstalk between neighbors are taken into account in the models for different neighborhood configurations. Simple expressions to account for crosstalk effects on the pulse-height spectrum as well as to evaluate the excess noise factor due to crosstalk are also given. Dedicated measurements were carried out under both dark-count conditions and pulsed illumination. Moreover, the influence of afterpulsing on the measured pulse-height spectrum was studied, and a measurement of the recovery time of pixels was reported. High-resolution pulse-height spectra were obtained by means of a detailed waveform analysis, and the results have been used to validate our crosstalk models.

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Probability distribution and noise factor of solid state photomultiplier signals with cross-talk and afterpulsing

Cited by 36 publications

References 15 publications

Perfomance of Silicon Photomultipliers in photon number and time resolution

Perfomance of Silicon Photomultipliers in photon number and time resolution

Signal-to-noise ratio of Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode single-photon counting detectors

Modeling crosstalk in silicon photomultipliers

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