Probability of occurrence of ISO 14687-2 contaminants in hydrogen: Principles and examples from steam methane reforming and electrolysis (water and chlor-alkali) production processes model

Bacquart, Thomas; Murugan, Arul; Carré, Martine; Gozlan, Bruno; Auprêtre, Fabien; Haloua, Frédérique; Aarhaug, Thor Anders

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.03.084

Cited by 39 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Literature indicates the possible presence of CH 4 , N 2 , CO and CO 2 in the product stream of thermochemical routes to hydrogen such as SMR [17][18][19][20]. The results of analysis from this study indicates low levels of CO 2 (4-8 times lower than ISO 14687 threshold) whilst the amount fractions of CH 4 , N 2 and CO were significantly lower than the ISO 14687.…”

Section: Hydrogen Gas Contamination From the Three Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…Previous studies identify O 2 , N 2 , CO 2 and H 2 O as possible ISO 14687 contaminants from electrolytic routes to produce hydrogen with the most probable contaminant being O 2 [17]. The result of analysis of hydrogen from PEM electrolyser and alkaline electrolyser indicates the presence of N 2 , CO 2 and H 2 O.…”

Section: Hydrogen Gas Contamination From the Three Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The hydrogen gas quality is influenced by the production method. Thermochemical production processes for the production of hydrogen may lead to the presence of contaminants such as methane (CH 4 ), nitrogen (N 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ); other trace constituents, argon (Ar), ammonia (NH 3 ), formic acid (HCOOH), formaldehyde (HCHO), total hydrocarbons (THC) excluding CH 4 , sulphur-containing compounds, and halogens) dependent on the feedstock utilised, level of pre-treatment and purification [17][18][19][20][21]. Possible contaminants from electrolytic routes to produce hydrogen are oxygen (O 2 ) N 2 , CO 2 and water (H 2 O).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Possible contaminants from electrolytic routes to produce hydrogen are oxygen (O 2 ) N 2 , CO 2 and water (H 2 O). It is reported that the presence of other ISO 14687 grade D contaminants is unlikely in hydrogen produced from thermochemical and electrolytic routes [17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogen Gas Quality for Gas Network Injection: State of the Art of Three Hydrogen Production Methods

et al. 2021

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The widescale distribution of hydrogen through gas networks is promoted as a viable and cost-efficient option for optimising its application in heat, industry, and transport. It is a key step towards achieving decarbonisation targets in the UK. A key consideration before the injection of hydrogen into the UK gas networks is an assessment of the difference in hydrogen contaminants presence from different production methods. This information is essential for gas regulation and for further purification requirements. This study investigates the level of ISO 14687 Grade D contaminants in hydrogen from steam methane reforming, proton exchange membrane water electrolysis, and alkaline electrolysis. Sampling and analysis of hydrogen were carried out by the National Physical Laboratory following ISO 21087 guidance. The results of analysis indicated the presence of nitrogen in hydrogen from electrolysis, and water, carbon dioxide, and particles in all samples analysed. The contaminants were at levels below or at the threshold limits set by ISO 14687 Grade D. This indicates that the investigated production methods are not a source of contaminants for the eventual utilisation of hydrogen in different applications including fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV’s). The gas network infrastructure will require a similar analysis to determine the likelihood of contamination to hydrogen gas.

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Section: Hydrogen Gas Contamination From the Three Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 56%

Section: Hydrogen Gas Contamination From the Three Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogen Gas Quality for Gas Network Injection: State of the Art of Three Hydrogen Production Methods

et al. 2021

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“…For instance, it is known that methane (CH4) is a contaminant produced from steam methane reforming and the purification by PSA. 246 Although its presence is rare, the combined effects with CO has not been studied.…”

Section: Future Research On Co Poisoningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon monoxide poisoning and mitigation strategies for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells – A review

Valdés-López

Mason

Shearing

et al. 2020

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

133

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Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) have received much attention due to their high power density, good start-stop capabilities and high gravimetric and volumetric power density compared with other fuel cells. However, certain technological challenges persist, which include the fact that conventional anode electrocatalysts are poisoned by low levels (few ppm) of carbon monoxide (CO). This review considers the mechanism of CO poisoning and the effects that it has on the PEMFC performance. The key parameters affecting CO poisoning are identified and methods used to mitigate the effects are discussed. These mitigation strategies are divided into three groups according to the means by which the technologies are applied: pre-treatment of reformate, on board removal of CO and in operando mitigation strategies.

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Development of an online hydrogen fuel quality analyzer with gas chromatography‐pulsed discharge helium ionization detector for applying hydrogen infrastructures

Kim,

Park,

Kim

et al. 2024

J of Separation Science

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Hydrogen fuel, which is essential for the hydrogen economy, including hydrogen cell vehicles, must be of high quality for optimal hydrogen cell use. Currently, hydrogen fuel quality control is mainly done by offline analysis with periodic sampling. However, with the anticipated surge in hydrogen charging stations, there's a pressing need for cost‐effective, high‐throughput online analysis systems. Additionally, the miniaturization of these analytical instruments for field application is also a challenge. In this study, we present a compact, real‐time hydrogen fuel analyzer based on gas chromatography with a pulsed discharge helium ionization detector. Its dual‐column system efficiently analyzes major impurities in hydrogen fuel in less than 30 min. Indicator species (CO, CO2, CH4, O2, N2, and additional hydrogen sulfide [H2S]) are determined by examining hydrogen production and supply processes. The analyzer's measurement capability is consistent with µmol/mol‐level analysis, providing valuable real‐time information for hydrogen infrastructure managers. Additionally, it can analyze H2S, a crucial marker of sulfur compounds acting as catalytic poisons in fuel cells. This real‐time analyzer offers efficient, informed decision‐making support for hydrogen infrastructure managers, enhancing the overall reliability of hydrogen fuel in fuel‐cell electric vehicles.

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Probability of occurrence of ISO 14687-2 contaminants in hydrogen: Principles and examples from steam methane reforming and electrolysis (water and chlor-alkali) production processes model

Cited by 39 publications

References 10 publications

Hydrogen Gas Quality for Gas Network Injection: State of the Art of Three Hydrogen Production Methods

Hydrogen Gas Quality for Gas Network Injection: State of the Art of Three Hydrogen Production Methods

Carbon monoxide poisoning and mitigation strategies for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells – A review

Development of an online hydrogen fuel quality analyzer with gas chromatography‐pulsed discharge helium ionization detector for applying hydrogen infrastructures

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