Probing Cytocompatibility, Hemocompatibility, and Quantitative Inflammatory Response in Mus musculus toward Oxide Bioceramic Wear Particulates and a Comparison with CoCr

Abstract

Peri-prosthetic bone resorption and loosening of artificial joints have been widely recognized to limit the performance of the load-bearing implants. Therefore, the present study probes into the cyto-, hemo-, and histocompatibility of the small sized wear particulates of ZrO2-toughened Al2O3 (ZTA). In order to develop a comprehensive, yet clinically relevant understanding, a comparison is made with two baseline ceramics (Al2O3 and ZrO2) and metallic material (CoCr), all in particulate forms. While in vitro cytotoxicity assessment was carried out with mouse osteoblast cells, preclinical testing of intra-articularly injected particulates up to the concentration 25 wt % in PBS over the period of 12 weeks was performed in mouse model. Interestingly, mouse osteoblast cells, cultured in media with ZTA, Al2O3, and ZrO2 particulates of three different concentrations (0.25, 2.5, and 25 mg/mL) exhibited uncompromised cell viability and considerable cell spreading, up to the time frame of 72 h. In contrast, similar experiments with CoCr particulates demonstrated significant decrease in cellular growth with drastic change in osteoblast proliferation behavior. Furthermore, the decrease in RBC damage after contact with ZTA, Al2O3, and ZrO2 particulates at 25 mg/mL of dose level illustrated 4.4, 5.8, and 1.25% hemolysis, respectively, confirming clinically acceptable hemocompatibility. However, hematic activity of CoCr particles was reflected with 15.6% of hemolysis. In vivo, the absence of any significant effect of intra-articularly injected ceramic (Al2O3, ZrO2, ZTA) as well as metallic (CoCr) particulates on complete hemogram and serum biochemistry of Balb/C mice was recorded at all the time points up to 12 weeks. The extensive histological analysis confirmed the absence of any signature of the tissue-level toxicity at all time points. The pro-inflammatory cytokine analysis using TNF-α and IL-1β markers provided complementary evidence toward nongranulomatous and nonimmunogenic response of synovial membrane of knee joint and other vital organs of mice that were exposed to Al2O3, ZrO2, ZTA, and CoCr particulates. Taken together, our results establish the nontoxic nature of oxide ceramic particulates to bone cells, in vitro, as well as to periprosthetic tissue, in vivo.

SiCxNyOz Coatings Enhance Endothelialization and Bactericidal activity and Reduce Blood Cell Activation

“…Also, less than 5% of hemolysis is considered as the clinically acceptable value for biomaterials in clinical applications, according to ISO 10993-4 standard. 56 As the attachment and aggregation of platelets are essential steps in the procedure thrombus formation, 57 the in vitro platelet adhesion test was done to probe the blood compatibility of the SiC x N y O z coatings. Figure 9 presents the SEM images, which were recorded for evaluating the morphology of attached platelets on pure titanium surfaces, DLC, and different SiC x N y O z films, after 1 h adhesion period.…”

“…The initial attachment of pathogenic microbes onto the implant interface induces bacterial infections, which often leads to failure during longterm use. 56 The potent antimicrobial surfaces are efficiently and extensively employed to prevent the bacterial adhesion and proliferation of the implanted devices. 59 Therefore, in the present study, two bacterial strains (S. aureus and E. coli) were employed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of the deposited SiC x N y O z coatings.…”

Probing the Influence of γ-Sterilization on the Oxidation, Crystallization, Sliding Wear Resistance, and Cytocompatibility of Chemically Modified Graphene-Oxide-Reinforced HDPE/UHMWPE Nanocomposites and Wear Debris

“…Most of the osteoblast cells appear to be dense and round-shaped, which is due to their faster growth, resulting in over-confluence on the day of observation (day 3). However, hMSCs adopted a polygonal shape along with filopodial extensions of cytoskeletal actin, which ensures that their multipotency is retained, as reported by Bhaskar et al Such findings indicate that the cells are mostly healthy and are firmly attached to TCPS, even in the presence of wear debris.…”

“…73 The morphology of the proliferating cells is one of the most important signatures, if the cells exhibit any change in functionality, when grown in contact with synthetic biomaterials. 82 For such an assessment, the phenotypical changes in the morphology of hMSCs and MC3T3 cells were observed after 72 h of conditioned culture and are shown in Figure 10 (panel A and B, respectively). Both, osteoblasts and hMSCs, showed normal spreading, when incubated with UHMWPE and 1 mGO (sterilized/unsterilized debris).…”

Thermal treatment stimulus on erythrocyte compatibility and hemostatic behavior of one‐dimensional bioactive nanostructures

“…It is evident that by increasing the annealing temperature, crystalline phase transition was obtained with flake‐like morphology, which increases the rupture rate of RBCs. According to ISO (10993‐4; Bhaskar, Sarkar, & Basu, 2018) standard, all the bioactive glasses are considered as secure value conversely, 800‐3h showed lysis beyond the recommended level at the concentration of 5 mg/ml as shown in Figure 9.…”